What is reciprocity?

What is interactional synchrony?

Why is it hard to observe infants?

What is the role of fathers as a parent?

Describe the procedure of Schaffer and Emerson's study in 1964

What did they find?

Schaffer and Emerson believed that attachment develop in four stages. What is the first stage?

What is the second stage?

Why are fathers not as likely to become a primary attachment?

What is the third stage?

What is the final stage?

Evaluate Schaffer and Emerson's study in terms of validity

Evaluate studies into the stages of attachment

What is imprinting?

What is sexual imprinting?

Describe Lorenz's research into imprinting.

What did Lorenz find?

Describe Harlow's procedure into comfort of mother.

What did he find?

Harlow also followed the monkeys that were victims of maternal deprivation. What did he conclude from observing these monkeys?

Evaluate Lorenz's research in terms of validity.

Evaluate Harlow's research.

What is the learning theory?

What is classical conditioning?

What is operant conditioning?

Explain the attachment of an infant to an adult in terms of classical and operant conditioning.

Give an example of a primary drive

Describe research evidence that contradicts the learning theory?

What was Bowlby's theory?

What is monotropy?

What is the law of continuity and accumulated separation?

What are social releasers?

Bowlby suggested that there was a critical period in which the infant attachment system was active - how long is this?

What is an internal working model?

What evidence supports or contradicts Bowlby's theory?

Describe Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

What were the three types of attachment identified by Ainsworth and their characteristics concluded from this experiment?

Evaluate the Strange Situation in terms of validity

Van Ijzendoorn conducted a study into the cultural variations of attachment in a range of countries. Describe how they did this.

What did they find?

Evaluate this study in terms of validity.

What is maternal deprivation?

What is the critical period?

Briefly describe the effects of maternal deprivation on emotional and intellectual development.

What is Bowlby's 44 thieves study?

What did they find in this study?

Evaluate Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study in terms of validity

What is institutionalization?

Describe how Rutter conducted his English and Romanian Adoptee study.

What did Rutter find?

Zeanah et al. assessed attachment in 95 children (aged 12-31 months) who lived in institutional care, and used the Strange Situation to identify their attachment type, and asked carers about unusual social beh. like clinginess, attention-seeking. What did they find?

What are the effects of institutionalisation?

Evaluate orphan studies.

What are the effects of different attachment types on later relationships in childhood?

What are the different effects of different attachment types on later romantic relationships?

Describe Hazan and Shaver's study into the association of attachment and adult relationships.

What did they find?