Intro to Psychology Ch. 1

The Classic doll studies of ____ paved the way for the 1954 Supreme Court decision of Brown V. Board of Education, which mandated racial integration of public schools.

Gloria and Kenneth Smith
Kenneth and Mamie Clark
Wanda and Will Garcia
Francis and Francis Summer

According to your authors, the discipline of psychology is best thought of as ____.

A field of self-help principles to eliminate mental problems.
A mixture of anecdotes and personal intuition about human behavior and mental processes.
A process for encouraging people to reach their ultimate potential.
The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior.

What is the term used to explain why different people can respond to the same situation in a variety of manners?

Idiosyncratic distracters
Idiographic anomalies
Individual differences
Confounding variables

Michelle constantly tells her boyfriend Niccolai that he doesn't pay attention to her, and that this is why she tends to nag him to pay attention. Her repeated criticisms cause Niccolai to tune her out, which causes her to nag him even more. This bidirectional pattern of influence is what Albert Bandura would have called ____.

Reciprocal determinism.
Scientific skepticism.
Naive realism.
Cyclical impingement.

A famous college football coach believes that if he bends down and eats a little of the grass every time his team is visiting another school's stadium, his team will have good luck in the game. He has done this for two years and has yet to lose an "away" game. His tendency to believe he sees the world correctly, and that the world exists precisely as he sees it, is called ____.

Popular psychology.
Naive realism.
Common Sense.
A single-variable explanation.

A science is defined by ____.

Knowledge.
Its concern with solving real-life practical problems.
Its popularity among the general public.
It's approach to dealing with evidence.

The science of psychology is often founded on ____, which is the premise that knowledge should initially be acquired through observation.

Pseudoscience.
Hypothesis-testing.
Theory.
Empiricism.

Gwen has posted a questionnaire on Facebook asking her friends to support her idea of cell phones in the classroom. She ignores anyone opposing her beliefs, which is an example of ____.

Naive realism.
Conjunctive fallacy.
Confirmation bias.
Attribution bias.

Once a guest on The Tonight Show, with former host Johnny Carson, and showed her collection of potato chips that resembled famous celebrities or historical figures. One example was a potato chip that was said to resemble Abraham Lincoln. In actuality, this guest was providing an example of ____.

Apoplexia.
Belief Perseverance.
Confirmation bias.
Patternicity.

Psychology was once difficult to distinguish from which of the following disciplines?

Biology.
Journalism.
Philosophy.
Theology.

What individual is often credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory, thus establishing psychology as an experimental science?

Sigmund Freud.
William James.
John Watson.
Wilhelm Wundt.

What early psychologist was most concerned with developing answers to questions about the structure of human conscious mental experiences?

Sigmund Freud.
Joseph Jastrow.
E. B. Titchener.
John B. Watson.

Suppose you were one of the early graduate students in the newly-developed field of psychology. Your mentor is interested in discovering the answers to questions like, "why is the ability to forget helpful?" " How do emotions assist us in social situations?" and "Why is self-presentation and useful technique for gaining social rewards?" Your mentor's approach is most consistent with the ____ perspective.

Behaviorist.
Functionalist.
Psychoanalytic.
Structuralist.

Behaviorism is associated with which two leading figures?

John Watson and B. F. Skinner.
Jean Piaget and Ulric Neisser.
William James and Charles Darwin.
Sigmund Freud and E. B. Titchner.

You are listening in on a discussion among a group of psychology majors. One major says that the field will move forward only if we use objective methods for understanding the principles that guide human actions. This statement is most consistent with ____.

Behaviorism.
Functionalism.
Psychoanalysis.
Structuralism.

Perhaps you have seen the movie The Lion King. Two brother lions were at the center of the plot, Scar and Mufasa. Scar was weak, thin, and rather lanky. Mufasa was strong, muscular, and had a very dominant presence. Because Mufasa had the qualities and traits that would help him survive and reproduce at a higher rate than his brother, biologists would say that he had a higher level of ____.

Androgen.
Drift.
Genetics.
Fitness.

Biological psychologists refer to ____ as the extent to which a trait increases the chances that organisms that possess this trait will survive and reproduce at a higher rate than competitors who lack it.

Instinct.
Fitness.
Drift.
Heritability.

What famous American psychologist also heavily influenced the field of advertising?

William James.
Carl Rogers.
B. F. Skinner.
John Watson.

What early school of thought in psychology was noted for its emphasis on the unconscious determinants of behavior?

Structuralism.
Behaviorism.
Gestalt psychology.
Psychoanalytic theory.

Studying the elements of sensations, feelings, and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology?

Structuralism.
Functionalism.
Behaviorism.
Humanism.

Ten-year-old Candace Newmaker died as a result of a pseudoscientific treatment called "rebirthing therapy." This is an example of pseudoscience causing ____.

Direct harm.
Indirect harm.
Scientific regression.
Cultural indifference.

Alice is looking for an effective diet program. She is able to evaluate the claims of competing programs in an open-minded and careful fashion by ____, the hallmark of scientific skepticism.

Being open to metaphysical reasoning.
Using her common sense and intuition.
Remembering that extraordinary claims require ordinary evidence.
Using her critical thinking skills.

Just as behaviorism was gaining popularity in the US, Sigmund Freud was founding a new field of psychology, one that focused on internal psychological processes such as unconscious impulses, thoughts, and memories. This approach is called ____.

Psychoanalysis.
Cognitive psychology.
Structuralism.
Functionalism.

You meet a psychologist who tells you that she conducts research on children to determine how their cognitive processes differ as the child gets older. You recognize that his person is most likely a(n) ____.

Developmental psychologist.
School psychologist.
Experimental psychologist.
Biological psychologist.

The police have arrested a suspect in an assault case and the victim has agreed to look at a lineup to see if he can identify the person who attacked him. Gary, a police psychologist, is advising the detectives on the most accurate way to put together a lineup. What should he recommend that they use?

Simultaneous lineup.
Sequential lineup.
Segregated lineup.
Expert lineup.