In Pueblo ideology, which factors contributed to relatively egalitarian relationships between the sexes?
Women's influence in political and diplomatic matters
Women's sexual power and their role in food production
Women's dominance over trade and warfare
Women's performance of hard physical labor and control of land
Compared to the intra-African slave trade that preceded it, the transatlantic slave trade was more
humane because African captives were treated well since they were so valuable.
focused on buying and selling female slaves than male slaves.
closely regulated by European governments for compliance with fair trading practices.
brutal and more deadly, as African slaves shipped to the Americas were often worked to death.
How did Europeans' impact on Native Americans affect their relations with Africans in the sixteenth century?
The success of the effort to convert Native Americans in large numbers prompted them to attempt the same thing in Africa.
The near eradication of Native populations from European disease contributed to the decision to import African slaves to work on sugar plantations in the Americas.
After dealing with indigenous people's hostility, the Spanish and Portuguese believed Africans would be tractable and easier to manage.
Europeans learned that converting Indians was too difficult, so they imported West Africans who were already Catholic.
What role did women traditionally play in West African society before extensive contact with Europeans?
They were often responsible for cultivating major foodstuffs and textiles, and often participated in trade.
They led secluded lives and were subject to male spouses' regulation through polygamous practices.
They were confined to household and domestic duties and were seldom seen outside the home.
They mainly participated outside the home in spiritual rituals and practices.
The sexual division of labor in Iroquois tribes
made women politically inferior to the men of the tribe.
was similar to that in European society.
meant that women were dominant in the village.
left women to hunt and conduct trade while the men worked in the fields.
What type of political power did Native American women hold in most tribes?
Because male chiefs had all of the power, women had little say in tribal matters.
Women held economic power but had no say in political matters, such as trade and warfare.
Women, particularly older women, were allowed to voice their opinions and participate in decision making.
Most Native women had no power, with the exception of the Pueblos whose sachems were often female.
How were colonial French marriages to Native Americans in colonial times different from Spanish interactions with Native American women?
The Spanish married only white women and preferred to maintain Native American women as their concubines.
French men integrated themselves into Native American culture, while Spanish men forced their Native wives to integrate into European culture.
The French demanded that their Native American wives convert to Catholicism, while the Spanish allowed them to retain Native religions.
Spanish men used their relations with Native women to achieve alliances, while the French marriages angered tribal leaders and led to warfare.
The English at Jamestown felt that Native women's labor in the fields made them
especially valuable as wives because they could help the colony survive.
an excellent example for English women, who were soon made to grow food.
drudges, showing that their Native husbands were lazy and uncivilized.
useful slaves who would help the English make a profit growing tobacco.
How did Europeans view and treat African women differently than Native American women?
They accepted African women serving as political leaders of their tribes.
They approved of African women hunting with their husbands.
They were not interested in civilizing African women through marriage.
They considered the attire of African women appropriate and modest.
How did African slavery change in North America during the eighteenth century?
Slavery became more controversial as Puritan colonists began to question the morality of owning another human being.
More men arrived in North America to work in the sugar, tobacco, and rice fields, creating severe gender imbalances.
English colonists became increasingly dependent on the continual importation of slaves because so many slaves died within the first three years of captivity.
The slave population became self-reproducing, with more people who were born into slavery in North America than were imported from Africa.
Which group created "frontiers of exclusion" by pushing Native Americans off their lands to establish colonial settlements?
The English
The Spanish
The Dutch
The French
Before Europeans came to the Americas, Native American women living in agricultural communities
performed crucial tasks such as planting, harvesting, and processing food.
were in charge of domestic chores while men worked in the fields.
supplemented the food grown by the men by gathering berries.
assisted the men during harvesting, but spent most of their time doing domestic chores.
How were relations between the sexes characterized in traditional Native American societies?
Gender roles were well defined, and society was as patriarchal as in Europe.
Men and women had distinct gender roles yet there was also social equality.
Gender relations were very fluid, and women had superior status to men.
Women had most of the political power and were seen as religious leaders.
Why is Malinche a controversial figure in Mexican history?
Malinche betrayed the Spanish, leading to their defeat at the hands of the Aztecs.
By marrying Cortés, she became the first Native woman to reject her own people and marry a Spaniard.
She dedicated herself to religious life and sought to convert her people to Catholicism.
Malinche is seen as both the mother of the Mexican race and someone who betrayed native peoples.
Historians think that the English settlers on the island of Roanoke included women in their colony to
replace Native women as wives for the men already living on the island.
teach Native women how to process tobacco leaves for sale in the English market.
serve as a signal to the Native Americans that this was a peaceful settlement.
ensure that the settlement would have cooks and laundresses.
How did European slave traders first obtain slaves in Africa in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
They attacked African peoples and forced prisoners of war to become slaves.
They cooperated with African slave traders, who traded some of their captives to them.
They brought Native American women to trade for African women.
They traded tobacco from North America to African merchants in exchange for slaves.
Pueblo peoples were matrilocal, meaning that
men left their mothers' homes upon marriage to live with their wives' families.
women established family identity and rights to use the land in each clan.
women, but not men, could end their marriages and choose new partners without stigma.
women decided who would serve as clan chief and when those chiefs had to relinquish the position.
Native American women appeared sexually immoral to Europeans because they
accompanied men on hunting trips.
sat on the tribal councils with men.
preferred to marry European men.
did not need to stay in unhappy marriages.
How did the Protestant Reformation affect European women's lives in the sixteenth century?
Women gained new economic opportunities as old Catholic ideas restricting them to domestic duties were overturned.
In Protestant areas of Europe, most female religious orders closed, confining women to wifehood and motherhood and denying them access to education and status.
The Protestant Puritan religion swept over many Western European societies and placed greater restrictions on sexual intimacy in marriage.
Most Protestant churches accorded women a greater religious and political equality, ending the patriarchal family in Protestant areas.
Many of the Native women who had intimate relationships with the Spanish in the sixteenth century also served as
cooks and laundresses.
travel guides.
military advisors.
diplomatic aids.
Why did many Spanish women see emigration to New Spain as a great opportunity during the middle of the sixteenth century?
The Catholic Church had less influence there and did not keep women tied to the home.
The Spanish government promised grants of land to women who emigrated.
They could better their position through advantageous marriages and easy inheritances.
Male Spanish colonists had adopted Native American customs and abandoned the patriarchal family.
How did French involvement in the fur trade affect Native American family and gender relationships?
Women stopped working the field and joined men on the hunt for furs.
Men's involvement in fur hunting and trapping may have resulted in devalued status for women.
The French fur traders enslaved Native American women to skin and process the furs.
Warfare between the French and Native Americans led to the death of many males, disrupting families.
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Native American societies
lived in static, peaceful societies that rarely changed.
regularly engaged in trade with each other.
enjoyed a uniform culture that spread across the continent.
made few distinctions between the roles of women and men.
According to legend, what crop was introduced to North America by enslaved African women who brought the seeds over hidden in their hair?
Cotton
Tobacco
Rice
Sugarcane
The growth of the transatlantic slave trade in the seventeenth century was facilitated by Europeans' racial ideas that
converting Africans to Christianity would make them more civilized.
African women were hardy and would make excellent mates for the colonists.
African childrearing and clothing practices were inferior to theirs and Africans were like animals.
only men were useful as slaves and so only men should be brought over to the Americas.
Analyze the following historic image and then choose the statement that best applies.
In the background, the artist included naked people roasting a human leg to indicate that Native Americans were barbarians and cannibals.
The depiction of America as a naked woman indicates that Native American women would be open to trade with Europe.
This image demonstrates how some Europeans viewed Native Americans as a superior culture.
This image correctly illustrates that Native American women outnumbered Native American men and so they welcomed the arrival of European men.
This painting, entitled “America,” was created by the European artist Theodor Galle.
This image is significant because historians feel it accurately depicts Native American life in Florida.
This painting is significant because it is our only Native American interpretation of Columbus's arrival to the Americas.
The title of this painting is unknown.
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