- Kant: "animals are there merely as a means to an end.", We should, of course, treat everything as an end in itself. This also applies to humans destroying the environment for our own benefit - Kant wouldn't agree. Similarly, modern Kantian Stephen Clark argues that respect for humans should be extended to respecting animals too.
- Act Utilitarianism - Hedonic Calculus, need to consider both current and future impacts of environmental damage in order to decide what is good.
- Rule Utilitarianism - Humans are of greater importance than the environment as they are able to experience higher pleasures, "It is better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied."
- Natural law - Actions must not be in breach of primary precepts. Aquinas - "it matters not how man behaves to animals." "the life of animals and plants is preserved not for themselves but for men."
- Virtue Ethics - Virtue ethics, being agent-centred, often takes the shallow ecology view. Aristotle - "natures has made all animals for the sake of men."

	Created by Jason Edwards-Suarez almost 10 years ago

Environmental ethics