13082574
Description
Flashcards by J yadonknow, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by J yadonknow
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is each adrenal gland equiv. to | 2 endocrine organs |
| What's on outer/inner | Outer adrenal cortex under hormonal control Inner adrenal medulla which functions independently |
| Structure of adrenal medulla | Modded part of SNS Specialised sympathetic ganglion |
| Hormones of adrenal medulla are | Catecholamine epinephrine/norepinephrine amino acid-derived tyrosine hormones |
| What is the medulla chiefly composed of | Chromaffin cells which produce adrenaline/noradrenaline |
| What are chromaffin cells? | Specialised postganglionic neurons |
| What is the adrenal medulla stimulated by? | Preganglionic thoracic sphlanchnic nerve fibres |
| What is the neurotransmitter? | Acetylcholine |
| What is the purpose of these hormones? | Prepare body for acute stress |
| Major effects of adrenaline on the CV system (5) | 1. Increased HR + stroke volume. 2. Increased systolic BP. 3. Vasodilation of coronary + skeletal muscle BVs. 4. Vasoconstriction of BV to nonessential tissues. 5. Bronchodilation. |
| Metabolic effects | 1. Liver converts glycogen to glucose 2. Increased met. rate 3. BF altered, decreased digestive system activity and urine output. |
| Adrenaline receptors | Alpha 1,2 Beta 1,2,3 (Reacts w/ Beta most) |
| Adrenal Cortex | Zona Glomerulosa - Mineralocorticoids -aldosterone Zona Fasciculata - Glucocorticoids - Cortisol Zona Reticularis - Gonadocorticoids - Androgens |
| What type of hormone are all of these? | Steroid hormones |
| Where are steroid hormone receptors found? | In nucleus, as they effect gene transcription |
| Cholesterol -> Steroid hormones | Cholesterol (C27) Pregnenolone (21) Progestagens (C21) Glucocorticoids Minc. Androgen (C19) -> Estrogen (C18) |
| What does Z. Glomerulosa lack? | 17alpha-hydroxylase |
| What does Z. Fasciculata + Z. Reticularis lack | 18-hydroxylase |
| 21-hydroxylase deficiency | All cholesterol converted to androgen in utero |
| Zona Reticularis weak androgens (ASD DHEAS) | Androstenedione Dehydroepiandrosterone Converted into testosterone in perinephric tissues |
| Production of sex hormones in males | Mainly in gonads Andrenal male sex hormone production minor in comparison |
| Production of sex hormones in females | Adrenal gland secretes 1/2 androgenic requirement |
| What hormone regulates the release of these hormones? | ACTH from the A.P. |
| How is aldosterone secretion regulated? | By plasma Na+/K+ levels via Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system |
| What are the effects? | Controls ECF. Vol. Increase BP + Vol. Stim. reabsorption of Na+ in DCT in exchange for K+ |
| What zona is involved in stress/ mental+emotional trauma? | Zona Fasciculata - Glucocorticoids |
| What are the catabolic effects of cortisol on skeletal muscle? | Increase protein breakdown AA-> Glucose via gluconeogenesis |
| What are the catabolic effects of cortisol on adipose tissue? | Increased lipolysis -> Free FA + TAG |
| What are the effects on plasma | ^ [Glucose] + [Free FA] |
| What are the effects of cortisol on the immune system? | Anti-inflammatory Suppress AB production and lymphocyte circulation Useful in transplant patients |
| What controls cortisol release? | CRH - Corticotrophin releasing hormone |
| Draw hormone feedback cycle for cortisol | a |
| What are the other roles of ACTH? | Maintains adrenal cortex structural integrity Regulates secretion of Glucocorticoid steroid hormones in response to stress. |
| Symptoms of hyperfunction (6) | Cushing's syndrome Body fat redistribution Muscle wastage Thin skin Hyperglycaemia Hypertension |
| What receptors does cortisol in excess bind | Aldosterone - hypertension |
| What are the causes and symptoms of excessive ADRENAL androgen production? | Overproduction of ACTH Acne, hirsutism, baldness |
| Causes of hypofunction? | Damage to adrenal glands |
| Symptoms | Deficit in glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids |
| What does excess ACTH do and why? | Act as melanocytes to produce melanin as AA sequence of ACTH is similar to MSH |
| Why is there excessive ACTH? | As adrenal gland isn't producing enough andrenal hormones the AP creates more stims. to try and stim cortisol release. |
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