15776210
Description
Flashcards by Robin Decker, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Robin Decker
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Elbow Joint | 3 bones, 3 ligaments, 2 Joints, 1 capsule 3 bones = Humerus, Radius & Ulna |
| Elbow Joint = 2 Joints | #1. Trochlea of Humerus + Trochlear Notch of Ulna #2. Capitulum of Humerus + Head of Radius |
| Elbow Joint Motions | Hinge Joint = Flexion & Extension (0 - 150 degrees) **NO hyperextension (blocked by olecranon process in olecranon fossa) |
| Radioulnar Joint | 2 bones, 2 articulations (proximal & distal) |
| Radioulnar Joints = 2 | #1 Proximal = Head Radius pivot with Radial notch of Ulna #2 Distal = Ulnar notch of Radius rotates around head of Ulna |
| Radioulnar Joint Motion | Pivot Joint = supination & pronation *Radius moves around the Ulna (0 - 90 degrees) |
| Wrist Joint | 2 Joints 1. Radiocarpal joint: distal radius + scaphoid, lunate & triquetrum) 2. Mid-carpal joint: between two rows of carpal bones |
| Wrist Carpal Bones | |
| Wrist Joint Movement | Motions Flexion (0-80 degrees) Extension (0-70 degrees) Radial deviation/wrist abduction (0-20) Ulnar deviation/wrist adduction (0-30) |
| Hand bones | |
| Elbow Joint | |
| Mid-carpal Joint | Between the 2 rows of the carpals Proximal: scaphoid, lunate triquetrum, pisiform Distal: Trapezoid, trapezium, capitate, hamate |
| Carpo-Metacarpal Joint | Very Little Movement in 2-5 Joint helps shape hand for arches. **Very Important Joint for THUMB (saddle) |
| Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint (MCP) | Knuckles 2-5 Movement = flexion/extension & abduction/adduction * When fully flexed, abduction minimal Thumb = digit 1 |
| Interphalangeal Joints | Proximal = base of head of proximal phalanx + base of middle phalanx Distal = head of middle phalanx + base of distal phalanx Motions = flexion & extension |
| Key Concept: Two Joint Principle Muscles | Capacity to act on any joint it crosses. Any muscle that crosses a joint can act on it. |
| Key Concept: Two Joint Principle Muscles continued.... | Position of one Joint can influence the action of another joint. EX: position of shoulder can impact what it does on the elbow. |
| Two Joint Muscle Examples | Biceps Brachii Origin: scapula Insertion: over elbow Primary function: elbow flexion forearm supination * can technically assist in shoulder flexion |
| Two Joint Muscle Example | Tricpes Brachii Origin: scapula Insertion: olecranon surface of ulna Primary function: elbow extension * can act on shoulder joint and elbow joint |
| Two Joint Muscle Example | Flexor Digitorum Superficialis * crosses the elbow joint & wrist joint **can technically act on both joints |
| Wrist Flexors Origin | Medial epicondyle of Humerus |
| Wrist Extensors Origin | Lateral epicondyle of Humerus |
| Wrist Flexors & Extensors Origin | |
| Muscle Synergist | Non-specific term describing a muscle that works with one or more other muscles to enhance a particular motion. |
| Synergist Example | Flexor Carpi Ulnaris + Extensor Carpi Ulnaris ** Work together to create the motion: Ulnar Deviation |
| Synergist Examples | |
| Thenar Eminence | Nerve: Median Nerve Muscles: Flexor Pollicis brevis Abductor Pollicis brevis Opponens Pollicis Thumb side |
| Thenar eminence | |
| Hypothenar eminence | Nerve: Ulnar nerve Muscles: Abductor Digiti Minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi **Pinky side |
| Hypothenar Eminence | |
| Split Innervation Muscles | Flexor Digitorum Profundus 2nd & 3rd = Median Nerve 4tth & 5th = Ulnar Nerve |
| Split Innervation Muscles | Lumbricals #1 & #2 = Median Nerve #3 & #4 = Ulnar Nerve |
| Interossei Muscles | Origin: Between Metacarpals Insertion: Proximal Phalanx |
| Interossei Muscles | DAB = 4 Dorsal Interossei Muscles ABduct fingers @ MCP joint |
| Interossei Muscles | PAD = 3 Palmar Interossei Muscles ADduct finers @ MCP joint |
| Manual Muscle Testing Grading | None = 0 No visible or palpable contraction Trace = 1 Visible or palpable contraction; no ROM Poor = 2 Full ROM, gravity eliminated Fair = 3 Full ROM against gravity Good = 4 Full ROM against gravity, moderate resistance Normal = 5 Normal, Maximal resistance |
| Prehension | Using the hands for grasping, holding, and manipulating objects. 2 Types: Power & Precision |
| Prehension: Power Grip | Object held forcefully while being moved about by more proximal joint muscles. Example: holding a hammer/knob |
| Prehension: Precision Grip | Object manipulated with a "finer type of movement" |
| Prehension Components | Reach: ability to approach an object in space. Grasp: ability to position & close hand around object. Manipulation: ability to move object while holding it. Release: ability to let go of object when desired. |
| Types of Power Grips: Cylindrical Spherical Hook | 1. Cylindrical Grip: all fingers are flexed around an object & thumb is wrapped around the object in opposite directions. Ex: holding hammer or wheelbarrel |
| Types of Power Grips | 2. Spherical Grasp: often involves palm in which all fingers & thumb are abducted. Ex: holding a ball or apple |
| Types of Power Grips | 3. Hook Grip: involves 2nd - 5th fingers PIP & DIP flexed around object hook-like. Ex: holding a brief case |
| Types of Precision Grips: Pincer Tripod Lateral Pinch Lumbrical | 1. Pincer Grasp: finger tips press against each other (tip to tip) Ex: picking up a coin |
| Types of Precision Grips | 2. Tripod (3 Jaw Chuck): Thumb + 2nd and 3rd fingers Ex: holding a pencil |
| Types of Precision Grips | 3. Lateral Grip (pad to side): pad of extended thumb pressing an object against radial side of index finger. Ex: holding a key or money between 1st and 2nd fingers |
| Types of Precision Grips | 4. Pinch Grip: thumb and index finger |
| Types of Precision Grips | 5. Lumbrical Grip: (plate grip) MCP flexed & PIP/DIP extended; object held in horizontal position. Ex: holding a plate |
| Brachial Plexus | Nerve plexus that arises from C5 - T1. Serves: shoulder, chest, & arm (upper extremity) Both Motor & Sensory information Key Nerves: axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar |
| Hand Photo: Intrinsic Muscles | |
| Elbow Joint Ligaments = 3 | Medial & Lateral Collateral Ligaments 1. Stabilize elbow joint 2. Prevent abduction & adduction of elbow joint Annular Ligament Hold radius close to ulna & stabilizes joint during supination & pronation; forms ring around radial head/attaches to ulna |
| Carrying Angle | Lateral deviation of Ulna * Allows us to carry objects in the hand, away from the body |
| Interosseous Membrane of Elbow Joint | Holds radioulnar articulations. Prevents separation of bones. Provides surface area for muscle attachments. |
| Elbow & Radioulnar Anterior Muscles | 1. Biceps Brachii (musculocutaneous N.) 2. Brachialis (musculocutaneous N.) 3. Brachioradialis (radial N.) 4. Pronator Teres (median N.) 5. Pronator Quadratus (median N.) |
| What do the Anterior Muscles have in common? | 1. biceps brachii & brachialis in anterior compartment. 2. biceps brachii, brachialis, & brachioradialis flex elbow 3. biceps brachii, brachialis & coracobrachialis innervated by musculocutaneous Nerve |
| Other details of anterior arm muscles | 1. Biceps brachii & Brachioradialis supinate forearm 2. Brachioradialis supinates/pronates from mid or neutral position 3. Both pronators pronate the forearm 4. Pronator teres is weak elbow flexor |
| Posterior Muscles Extension & Supination | 1. Triceps brachii - elbow extension, weak shoulder extensor, forearm supinator 2. Anconeus - elbow extension 3. All posterior muscles innervated by radial nerve |
| Anconeus Muscle: Elbow Extension | |
| Supinator Muscle Supination | |
| Pronator Teres Pronate forearm/weak elbow flexion | |
| Pronator Quadratus Pronate forearm | |
| Wrist Ligaments | 1. Radial Collateral Ligament 2. Ulnar Collateral Ligament Both provide lateral/medial support of wrist joint. |
| Wrist Ligaments continued... | 3. Palmer Radiocarpal Ligament - limits wrist from over extension. 4. Dosral Radiocarpal Ligament - limits wrist from over flexion. |
| Wrist Flexors | 1. Flexor Carpi Radialis = wrist flexion/radial deviation; Median Nerve 2. Flexor Capri Ulnaris = wrist flexion/ulnar deviation; Ulnar Nerve 3. Palmaris Longus = wrist flexion; Median Nerve (12% population missing this muscle) |
| Wrist Extensors | 1. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus & Brevis 2. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris All innervated by Radial Nerve. All have same origin on Lateral epicondyle of Humerus |
| Hand Ligaments (Palmer and Transverse Carpal Ligaments) | Flexor Retinaculum - spans anterior surface of wrist. Main function: hold tendons close to wrist; prevent from pulling away from wrist during wrist FLEXION. Also keeps carpals from spreading apart. |
| Transverse Carpal Ligament **Hood for carpal tunnel | Arches over carpal bones forming tunnel through which MEDIAN nerve and NINE extrinsic flexor tendons, thumb, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus pass through. |
| Arches of Hand | Proximal carpal arch Distal carpal arch Longitudinal arch * responsible for cupped position of hand * contribute to function of various hand grasps |
| Saddle Joint = Thumb Joint | 1st Metacarpal + Trapezium |
| Thumb | #1 Digit 3 Joints, not 4 1. CMC joint 2. MCP joint 3. IP joint |
| Thumb Motions | Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Opposition |
| Intrinsic Hand Muscles | Origin/Insertion within hand. Small Fine motor movements. Thenar/Hypothenar Eminence included |
| Lumbricles (Intrinsic) | Flex MCP joint Extend PIP Joints Nerve innervation: * index/middle = median n. * ring/little = ulnar nerve |
| Sensory Distribution of Hand | Median Nerve: palmar surface of thumb, index, middle and radial side of ring Ulnar Nerve: palmar surface of ulnar side of ring and small fingers Radial Nerve: mostly dorsal surface of hand |
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | Median Nerve entrapment |
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