1763226
Description
Flashcards by DreamBig0927, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by DreamBig0927
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Deviance | The violation of norms(or rules or expectations). |
| Crime | The violation of norms written into law. |
| Stigma | "Blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity. |
| Social Order | A group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives. |
| Social Control | A group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms. |
| Negative Sanction | An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a fine or a prison sentence. |
| Positive Sanction | An expression of approval for following a norm, ranging from a smile or a good grade in class to a material reward such as a prize. |
| Genetic Predisposition | Inborn tendencies(for example, a tendecy to commit deviant acts). |
| Street Crime | Crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary. |
| Personality Disorders | The view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms. |
| Differential Association | Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups lean an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant. |
| Control Theory | The idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate. |
| Degradation Ceremony | A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place. |
| Labeling Theory | The view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity. |
| Technique of neutralization | Ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect(or neutralize) society's norms. |
| Cultural Goals | The objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve. |
| Institutionalized Means | Approved ways of reaching cultural goals. |
| Strain Theory | Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime. |
| Illegitimate Opportunity Structure | Opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life. |
| White-Collar Crimes | Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials. |
| Corporate Crime | Crime committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation. |
| Criminal Justice System | The system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime. |
| Recidivism Rate | The percentage of released convicts who are rearrested. |
| Capital Punishment | The death penalty. |
| Serial Murder | The killing of several victims in three or more separate events. |
| Police Discretion | The practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter. |
| Medicalization of Deviance | To make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians. |
| Medicalization | The transformation of a human condition into a matter to be treated by physicians. |
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