22055734
Description
Flashcards by Evian Chai, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Evian Chai
over 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the mediastinum? | The central component of the thorax, in between the two pleural cavities |
| What splits the mediastinum into its superior and inferior plane? | Transverse thoracic plane (Sternal angle at T4-T5) |
| The superior section of the thorax is from the.... to the .... | Superior thoracic aperture Transverse thoracic plane |
| The inferior section of the thorax is from ... to .... | Transverse thoracic plane to diaphragm |
| What are the posterior, middle and anterior boundaries of the pericardium? | Posterior: Between pericardium/posterior thorax Middle: Pericardium contents Anterior: Between sternum/pericardium |
| The right common corotid artery and the right subclavian artery are branches of what? | The brachiocephalic artery arising from the aorta |
| What does the superior vena cava branch into? | Right and left: Brachiocephalic vein Subclavian vein Internal jugular vein Right pulmonary artery on side |
| What does the pulmonary trunk split into? | Right and left pulmonary artery |
| What are the 12 components of the superior mediastinum? | 1) Aortic arch + 3 branches - Brachiocephalic artery - Left subclavian artery - Left common carotid artery 2) Brachiocephalic Veins 3) Upper 1/2 of SVC 4) Sympathetic Chain 5) Vagus nerve - Paired - Behind of root of lung - Parasympathetic innervation of the heart - More medial than phrenic 6) Cardiac plexus - Innervates the heart - Lies in the concavity of the arch of aorta - Formed from sympathetic trunk & branches of the vagus nerve 7) Left recurrent laryngeal - Branch of the vagus nerve 8) Phrenic nerves - C3, C4, C5, - Sympathetic innervation of diaphragm, parietal pleura, pericardium - Front of root of lung - Lateral compared to vagus 9) Trachea - Bifurcates to bronchi (Transverse thoracic duct) 10) Oesophagus 11) Thoracic duct - Biggest lymphatic vessel in the body 12) Lymph nodes |
| Where is the oesophagus located in relation to the trachea, and where does it penetrate the diaphragm? | Behind the trachea T10 |
| What is the oesophagus innervated by? | The vagus nerve |
| What is in the middle mediastinum? | The pericardium+heart Thymus+cells |
| What structures are in the inferior mediastinum? | 1. Descending thoracic aorta (T12) 2. Azygous system - posterior to aorta/trachea/oesophagus 3. Oesophagus 4. Thoracic duct |
| What does the azygous system do? | Drains blood into the superior vena cava |
| On the right, which blood vessel (s) of the azygous system drain into the superior vena cava? | Azygous vein |
| On the left, which blood vessel (s) of the azygous system drain into the superior vena cava? | Hemizygous and accessory hemizygous vein drains into azygous vein, which then drains into SVC |
| What does the thoracic duct do? | Collect lymph from intestine/lower extremities from cistern chyli |
| What is the thoracic duct located in between? | Oesophagus and descending aorta |
| What does the thoracic duct drain into? | Subclavian veins |
| Where does the thoracic duct cross from right to left? | T4/T5 |
| What does the descending thoracic aorta branch into? | Subclavian artery then: 1. Costocervical trunk 2. Internal thoracic artery (anterior/posterior intercostal artery) Pericardiophernic artery Aortic arch/branches |
| The sympathetic trunk connects the ... (preganglionic) to the ... (postganglionic) | CNS Heart |
| What are the functions of the sympathetic trunk? | 1. Sympathetic control of HR/Contractability 2. Vasoconstriction/bronchodilation of lung/airways |
| What are the 3 ways synapses happen in the sympathetic trunk | 1. Locally with intercostal nerves 2. Travel to synpase in chain 3. Travel to synapse closer to target organ (via short pre/long post ganglionic neuron) |
| The sympathetic trunk runs from ... to ... | T1-T12 |
| The sympathetic trunk involves the ... and the ... | Ganglionic cord (groups of cell bodies outside CNS where synapses happen) Sympathetic chain |
| What provides motor/sensory innervation for the thorax/intercostal muscles? | Intercostal nerves |
| Where are intercostal nerves located, and what do they originate from? | In the neuromuscular bundle at the coastal groove Ventral Ramus |
| The phrenic nerve.... synapses | Directly |
| The vagus nerve is the biggest... nerve | The largest PNS nerve (10th cranial nerve) Long pre/short post ganglionic neurons |
| Innervation of the Heart (SNS & PNS) | 1) Sympathetic - Short preganglionic from the CNS (gray matter) synapses at sympathetic trunk - Long postganglionic from sympathetic trunk passes through the cardiac plexus but synapses only at SA node & atrial walls 2) Parasympathetic - Vagus nerve - Long preganglionic efferent fibre (uni-polar) from the cranial region synapses at the cardiac plexus - Short postganglionic fibre from cardiac plexus that synapses at the heart (controls SA node) |
| What is the cardiac plexus? | A concavity in the arch of the aorta made of the sympathetic trunk/branches of the vagus nerve that innervate the heart |
| The Left recurrent laryngeal in the superior mediastinum is a branch of | vagus nerve |
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