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| Question | Answer |
| Attribution | Process by which we make inferences about causes of behaviour or events |
| Attribution theories (3) | -Naive scientist - Heider (1958) -Correspondent inference - Jones & Davis (1965) -Covariation - Kelly (1967) |
| Attribution biases (2) | Fundamental attribution error Actor-observer effect |
| Naive Scientist (Heider, 1958) | -People act like scientists trying to understand their world -Make and test hypotheses & predictions -Believe behaviour is Motivated -Make attributions to predict future & control it |
| Correspondent inference (Jones & Davis, 1965) | Inference that a behaviour corresponds to or indicates a stable personal characteristic -Theory all about internal attributions, no detail about situational |
| -Why make dispositional inferences? | Helps us predict individuals' behaviour across situations |
| Covariation model (Kelly, 1967) | -Observations derived from multiple points -Make internal & external attributions -Assign cause of behaviour to factor that covaries most closely with it |
| Evidence of covariation (Kelly, 1967) (3 points) | -Consensus: Everyone's behaviour (internal attrib. if consensus low) -Distinctiveness Whether Ss behaviour is unique to the situation or if they always do it (internal attrib. if distinctiveness is low) -Consistency Whether Ss always behaves this way in this situation (ext. or int. attrib. only if consistency is high) |
| Validity of covariance model (Kelly, 1967) | Supported by research, However people tend to ignore consensus information and are biased toward internal attributions |
| FAE: perceptual salience | We are biased to attribute causes to figures who stand out -assumed agency |
| FAE: perceptual salience (Taylor and Fiske, 1975) | Observers watched conversations from behind one of the speakers, Rated the one facing them as in control of convo |
| Quiz game (Ross et al, 1977) | Quizmasters rated as smarter than rest, despite obvious situational reasons for why they appeared that way |
| Castro speech (Jones & Harris, 1967) | Pro or anti Castro speeches rated as truly reflecting writers' beliefs, even when the writers had no choice in their stance |
| Actor-observer effect | Tendency to attribute own behaviours externally and others' internally |
| Reasons for Actor-Observer effect (2) | Perceptual salience: What stands out more to you makes up your attributions Informational differences: Agents are aware of their own circumstances, but observers may not be ie. being late cause of traffic boss just sees you as late |
| Emotion | 200+ mini theories, -Brief, specific psychological and physiological responses that help humans meet goals, many of which are social |
| Approaches to emotion | Darwin James-Lange Cannon-Bard Two-Factor theory |
| Aspects of emotions (4 main) | *Emotions are brief -Facial expressions last 1-5 seconds -Autonomic responses last minutes *Emotions are specific *Emotions motivate behaviour *Emotions are social -Promote adaptive social functioning |
| Components of emotion (2 main) | Physiological responses (autonomic nervous system) Cognitive processes (Language, judgements) |
| Darwin's (1872) approach to emotion | -Emotions are evolved adaptive functions (applies to expressions, not subjective feelings) -Basic continuity from animals to humans (eg. baring fangs/sneering, puffing up for a fight) |
| Commonsense view of emotion | Perception - Feeling - Bodily response |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | Perception -> Motor reaction/visceral arousal -> Emotional feeling |
| James-Lange theory: justification | James: It is impossible to experience an emotion without the associated physiological arousal => symptoms ARE the emotion eg. objectless emotions |
| James-Lange theory predictions: | Certain combinations of stimulation from the periphery will cause certain emotions |
| Peripheral theories of emotion | Emphasise autonomic nervous system, rather than CNS, in emotion |
| Cannon-Bard view of emotion | Perception -> Hypothalamic arousal-> Emotional feeling/Bodily response |
| Cannon's criticism of James-Lange1 (2) | -Cats with lesioned spines can still experience emotion -Most arousal is undifferentiated, but leads to specific emotions |
| Facial Feedback (Laird, 1984) (theory & experiments) | Feedback from facial muscles influences emotion: Those with contorted faces (including pens in mouth) rated stimuli more positively, cartoons funnier |
| Schachter & Singer (1962) Two Factor Theory | Individuals attribute the emotional meaning of their arousal to their surroundings: 1) Undifferentiated arousal 2) Construal of arousal |
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