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Flashcards by miriamadaeze, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by miriamadaeze
almost 12 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| increased atmospheric concentration facilitated the evolution of larger and more active animals | Oxygen |
| the advent of recombination and independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis provided the genetic variation necessary for diversity in body plans | Sexual reproduction |
| evolution of genes that control the transcription of many other genes enabled animals to develop diverse and complex body plans | regulatory genes |
| the advent of sight enabled animals to forage many different ways leading to different body plans | Eyes |
| evolution of predators selected for adaptations in their prey that enabled them to escape predation | Predation |
| occurred 251 Myr ago, extinction of 96% of species | permian |
| occurred 65 myrs ago, extinction of 76% of species (most famous) | Cretaceous |
| What caused the mass extinctions? | Temperature decline, sea level decline, volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics, asteroids, and gamma-ray bursts |
| form of mutation-single base pair substitution in DNA | Point mutation |
| no change in the amino acid translation | Synonymous |
| results in amino acid substitution on the polypeptide | Nonsynonymous |
| caused by insertion or deletion of one or more base sequences which results in a series of amino acid substitution during translation | Frame shift mutation |
| transfer of a segment from one homologous chromosome to the other | Unequal crossover |
| Hereditary determinants in the egg and sperms are irreversibly blended | Blended inheritance |
| hereditary determinants in the egg and sperm are passed from generation to generation through discrete particles. | Particular inheritance |
| an observable physical features | Character |
| a particular form of a flower (purple) | Trait |
| a particular trait is the only form present when crossed over many generations; Mendel used only such parents | True-breeding |
| different forms of a gene | allele |
| when an individual has the same copy of an allele | homozygous |
| when an individual has different copies of an allele | heterozygous |
| when an allele is expressed in a heterozygous individual | dominant |
| when an allele is not expressed in a heterozygous individual | recessive |
| when an individual (with 2 copies of each allele) produced gametes, each contains only one copy | Law of segregation |
| The site on a chromosome occupied by a specific gene | Locus |
| alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation | Law of independent assortment |
| association between genes on the same chromosome such that they do not show independent assortment | Linkage |
| when heterozygotes show a phenotype intermediate between those of the two homozygotes | incomplete dominance |
| Pattern of inheritance characteristics caused by genes located on the sex chromosome | Sex-linkage |
| predation and abiotic disturbances are at an intermediate level in the tropics, allowing more species to coexist | predation-disturbance hypothesis |
| study of the allele frequency distribution and change in a group of interbreeding organisms | population genetics |
| characteristics displayed by an organism caused by its genetic constitution, environmental factors, and interactions between genetic and environmental factors | Phenotype |
| the genetic constitution of an organism at one or more specific loci | genotype |
| the proportion of a population that has a particular genotype | genotype frequency |
| the proportion of all genes in the population present in a particular form | allele frequency |
| the assumptions of the hardy-weinberg model | Mating is random, population is large, no gene flow, no mutations, and no natural selection |
| a form of nonrandom mating in which individuals are more likely to mate with relatives than with nonrelatives | inbreeding |
| set of species living in a particular place | Community |
| probability that a pair of genes are identical by descent | inbreeding coefficient |
| reduction in fitness of inbred organisms caused by increased frequency of deleterious recessive genes | inbreeding depression |
| random change in gene frequencies within populations caused by sampling error | Genetic drift |
| when p=1.0, the allele is____ when p=0, the allele is _____ | fixed and lost |
| the proportion of the population that are heterozygous | heterozygosity |
| The study of continuously measured traits (such as height or weight) and their mechanics | quantitative genetics |
| a phenotypic trait that varies continuously (rather than discretely) for different character states | quantitative traits |
| Quantitative traits are typically ____ | polygenic |
| The proportion of the phenotypic variance that is made up of genetic variance | Heritability (h2) |
| Two ways to measure heritability are? | Correlation between offspring and parents and artificial selection experiment and use the breeder's equation |
| variation in alleles within individuals and populations and between populations | Genetic Variation |
| accumulation of mutations that do not affect fitness | Neutral mutation |
| crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes amplifies the number of possible genotypes | Sexual recombination |
| maintains genetic diversity when the fitness of rare genotypes in higher than common genotypes | frequency-dependent selection |
| when fitness is higher for heterozygotes than homozygotes | Heterosis (hybrid vigor) |
| how does gene flow affect the populations? | Too much gene swapping reduces fitness by impeding local adaptation |
| movement of genotypes from one population to another | Gene flow |
| a process that occurs when individuals share resources that are in short supply | Competition |
| individuals deplete resources by consuming or using them | exploitation |
| aggressive encounters among individuals | interference |
| competition among individuals of the same species | intraspecific competition |
| Competition among individuals of different species | interspecific competition |
| two species cannot coexist if they have the same niches | competitive exclusion principle |
| where a species lives and how it obtains resources | functional niche |
| when species differ in the way they utilize their resources | resource partitioning |
| the limit in the degree of overlap that will allow species to coexist | Limiting similarity |
| what are the three ways a species may partition their resources | Through diet, habitat, and time. (study the graphs) |
| when species differ more where they are together (sympatric) than where they are alone (allopatric) | Character displacement (study Darwin's finches) |
| when an animal eats another organism | predation |
| when an animal eats another animal | typical predation |
| when an animal eats a plant | herbivory |
| when an animal eats an organism that it lives on or in | parasitism |
| when two or more species affect one another's evolution | coevolution |
| an example of coevolution which involves resource partitioning, character displacement | competitior species |
| predators select for defensive traits in prey, which selects for traits in predators that weaken the defense of prey | predators and prey |
| species that are brightly colored to advertise that they are harmful | Aposematic |
| when two or more species (usually aposematic) resembles one another | mimicry |
| when a non harmful species resembles a harmful species | Batesian mimicry. ex- king snake(mimic) v coral snake(model) or Viceroy (mimic) v Monarch butterfly (model) |
| when two or more harmful species resemble one another | Mullerian mimicry |
| the study of multiple species interactions and abiotic factors on the structure and dynamics of community | community ecology |
| when predators reduce prey populations and thereby prevent competitive exclusion of prey species, increasing diversity | Predator-mediated coexistence |
| when abiotic disturbances reduce prey populations and thereby prevent competitive exclusion of prey species, increasing species diversity | disturbance-mediated coexistence |
| 4 known hypothesis on why there are more species in the tropics than in other areas on earth (4 total) | Time hypothesis, climate hypothesis, area hypothesis, and productivity hypothesis |
| species are more specialized in the tropics allowing more species to coexist | competition hypothesis |
| temporal change in community composition | succession |
| this type of succession begins on bare rock or sand (no soil) | primary succession |
| this succession begins on soil | secondary succession |
| this theory states that communities are fundamental units of highly integrated species and succession proceeds towards a predetermined climax | superorganism hypothesis- classic theory |
| in this theory, communities are collections of non-integrated species with similar physical requirements and succession doesn't proceed towards a predetermined climax | individualist hypothesis |
| what are the 3 mechanisms of succession | facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition |
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