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Flashcards by Darcey Griffiths, updated 8 months ago
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Created by Darcey Griffiths
9 months ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Brief before 1890s | Isolationist- didn't want to get involved in any wars 1823- President Monroe and secretary of state John Adams stated aims for foreign policy - Avoid to become involved in European wars unless American interests involved -American colonies not to be colonised by European powers- any attempts seen as unfriendly |
| before 1890's- manifest destiny | Focus had been inwards – Manifest Destiny was the idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America. The ideology of Manifest Destiny inspired a variety of measures designed to remove or destroy the native population. Had made deals with Britain, Spain and come into conflict with Mexico – note that Texas had belonged to Mexico when they liberated from Spain in 1822. Problem – once pushed the frontiers as far as they could what would be next? |
| Changes late 19th century/ impact | In the latter half of the 19th century America rapidly industrialised, aided by its natural resources and the expansion of the railways. The USA became the leading industrial nation: GNP quadrupled, By 1900, 30% of world’s manufactured goods were made by the USA- trading country- harder not to become involved in foreign affairs- gain power/ benefit economically, gain potential allies It was the second leading financial centre (Britain was the first). |
| Changes late 19th century/ impact | 1885 the USA navy was small and this did not matter. Britain, the supreme naval power, was a usual ally. The Atlantic and Pacific ere natural barriers. By 1905, America had the 3rd largest navy. Alfred Thayer Mahan was a captain in the US navy believed that US needed to treat the sea as a highway: For transport of goods via a merchant navy To create a powerful navy to protect US commercial interests To establish oversea bases for the supply of coal, water and other necessities for crews. - emphasised- European countries were scrambling for land, imperialism was in full force in Africa and Asia. There was the growing fear of missing out if America did not participate especially as Charles Darwin’s ideas were influential. |
| Imperialism definition | Imposition of control over other peoples through: annexation, military conquest or economic domination - used to ensure political control over markets and sources of raw materials by major European nation eg Britain, Germany, Spain, France, Netherlands- had traditionally strong navies- relied on manufacturing/ trade for wealth |
| Hawaii briefing/ significance | Americans established missionaries/ settlers there - as sugar production (islands main crop increased)- treaties of 1857 and 1887- allowed cheap, duty free sugar into US- in return- Hawaii= required to accept both American economic domination/ political protection- US also gained Pearl Harbour from Hawaii- when Hawaii lost its duty free status in 1890- prises rose, production fell and unemployment increased |
| Hawaii- briefing/ significance p2 | new queen of the islands Liliuokalani led a rebellion- American residents sought help from USA - marines arrived- rebels surrendered within 3 days- US planned to annex Hawaii- due to important location- opposed by some- feared America would become imperial power- but war w/ Spain/ Cuba strengthened argument for annexing- annexed July 1998- became 50th state 1959 |
| Hawaii significance | Annexation of Hawaii- included naval base at Pearl Harbour- greater navy- more powerful New bases in the Pacific in Samoa and Hawaii- needed a substantial base of operations in the Pacific to support U.S. interests in China- The appeal of profits to be earned from the China trade served as the initial impetus to motivate U.S. citizens and officials to enter into the Pacific region. China was the source of some of the world’s most sought after commodities—tea, porcelain, and silk Economic benefits from sugar trade |
| Spanish American war- brief | Spanish colonies in Cuba/ Philippines became increasingly difficult to rule- Cuban fighters staged rebellions-1868/78- American tariff on sugar-1894-plunged Cuban economy into chaos- prompted another rebellion against Spanish rule in 1895-lots of American public supported- Feb 1898- American battleship USS Maine blew up in Havana harbour- killed 260 American sailors- Spanish blamed- American press created so much hysteria that when Spain refused to give Cuba independence- President McKinley asked Congress to declare war April 1898- |
| Spanish American war brief/ significance | War lasted 4 months- Spain's antiquated navy and incompetently led army was no match for US forces- battle of San Juan was led by T Roosevelt- made him a war hero Significance America acquired an empire- peace treaty signed Paris 1898- recognised Cuba independence and American annexation of Philippines, Puerto Rico and the Pacific Island But- Filipinos were not necessarily grateful- full scale revolt against American troops Feb 1899- lasted 3yrs- cost 4200 American lives- guirrella war=barbaric- also cost 170 billion Controversial- public questioned if annexation- especially Philippines was in name of declaration of independence- non imperialists fears over liabilities of empire confirmed w/ Philippines-but boost in nationalism after war- due to strategic advantages of US but also racism- 'argument over white race winning' |
| Start- T Roosevelt and meaning of US imperialism- what he did for imperialism and impacts | - 1903- USA intervened in dispute between Columbia and the inhabitants of Panama- resulted in independence of Panama and treaty favouring USA - impact- entrusted USA with construction and operation of canal joining the Pacific ocean- gave major strategic and commercial advances Cubans forced to accept Platt amendment- USA right to intervene in Cuba if independence or stable gov was threatened- permitted the United States to lease or buy lands for the purpose of establishing naval bases (the main one was Guantánamo Bay) and coaling stations in Cuba- big stick looking powerful- getting involved |
| Start- T Roosevelt and meaning of US imperialism- what he did for imperialism and impacts- P2 | Secretary of State- John Hay announced an 'open door' policy by which all foreign nations should have same commercial access to China- also stated USA would protect China's independence and territory- impact- Hay argued that establishing equal access to commerce would benefit American traders and the U.S. economy, and hoped that the Open Door would also prevent disputes between the powers operating in China- lots of competition already for it- US needed in Hay sent the first of the Open Door Notes on September 6, 1899, to the other great powers that had an interest in China, including Great Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan. These nations maintained significant physical and commercial presences in China, |
| Start- T Roosevelt and meaning of US imperialism- what he did for imperialism and impacts- P3 | Big stick- looking powerful- Roosevelts amendment of Monroe doctrine- known as Roosevelt Corollary- asserted that the US could intervene in Caribbean countries- Roosevelt also burnished his naval credentials by sending 16 US battleships on a 46000 mile world publicity cruise in 1907- called Great White Fleet Roosevelt also acted as peacemaker- facilitated treaty of Portsmouth in the 1904-05 Russo Japanese war and exercising some some influence in Algeciras conference of 1906- averted war between France and Germany over first Moroccan crisis- impact-US now accepted as a major power |
| Woodrow Wilson- background- Latin America | Believed in liberalism= idea of personal and economic freedom especially right to property, freedom of speech-Oct 1913- announced USA would never seek an additional foot of territory by conquest But approach to Latin America= a bit different- dressed it up as being for democracy but intervened militarily once in Cuba,x2 in Panama and x5 in Honduras. Hispaniola and Haiti were occupied by American troops in 1915- |
| Woodrow Wilson- background- Latin America | Mexican revolution began in 1911- Wilson's sympathies were with liberal revolutionaries- but intervened when dictator General Heurta seized power in 1913- at one point ordered bombardment of Vera Cruz- killed 126- managed to upset both sides in Mexican civil war- Wilson was lucky that other Latin American countries mediated- brought civil war to temporary halt- year later broke out again with Mexican leader Pancho Villa attacking on American border town- several thousand US cavalries unsuccesfully chased Villa- withdrew in Jan 1917- little to show for it- civil war ended 1917- Mexico adopted liberal constitution which Wilson wanted all along but Mexican national pride hurt |
| Leading to war | August 1914- Wilson announced USA would be neutral- but American industry and agriculture received a big boost- supplying food, raw materials and munitions to warring powers- also made big loans- 2 billion to all warring powers in 1917 but only 27 mil of this to Germany- didn't seem to Germany like it was neutral Submarine warfare- both sides in war did blockades - but 1915- Germany did new type of blockade w/ submarines- announced all enemy merchant ships entering warzone around Britain would be sunk - Wilson mad- no more stop and search- 7 May Lusitania sunk- drowned 1198- 128 were Americans-Germany claimed it was carrying munitions 4 |
| peace without victory | After further sinkings after Lusitania, Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations- year after Lusitania- Germany abandoned unrestricted submarine warfare- Wilson had won using diplomacy- encouraged him to attempt broker peace in Europe-18 December- issued a 'peace note' called both sides to clarify war aims-- earlier in the month-tried to put pressure on Britain and France- instructed Federal Bank to freeze loans on 2 countries- 22 Jan 1917 Wilson made big speech asking for 'peace without victory- called for international order based on LON, disarmament and freedom of the seas. In a major turning point, president was asserting leadership on global scale- |
| Entering war | all went to pot Germany announced resumption unrestricted submarine warfare in Jan 1917- knew US would enter war but gambled on breaking Britain w/ blockade before that US intervened- Wilson dropped diplomatic relations- last straw- publication of Zimmerman telegraph- in March 1917- message from German foreign minister Zimmerman to Mexican gov suggested an alliance- exploited raw feelings in Mexico after US intervention in revolution vague promise Germany would assist Mexico to recover lost territories it had lost to USA- message intercepted by Brit intelligence- leaked to US ambassador in London - seen as violation of Monroe doctrine and aggressive threat to US security- 2 April 1917 Wilson asked congress for a declaration of war on Germany 'world must be made safe for democracy' |
| WW1 impact | Before: Isolationism- turn to more imperialism, expanded control in central/ Latin America, becoming more involved in world affairs, still reacting to events- trying to preserve democracy During: 1914- banned loans to belligerents, wanted to be known as peacemaker, increase in peace movements/ pressure groups, fear if sides were taken would destabilise immigrant pop economic impact-1914-16 gained more trade from Britain/ France- increased from 753 mil- 2.5 bil- trade with Germany decreases 345 mil-29 mil Policy impact-changed to intervention- focus on protecting democracy/ liberalism Mllitary impact- fresh soldiers help push Germans backwards- allies more forward- makes military look good |
| WW1 impact after point 1- isiolationism | After WW1- want to go back to isolationism- shown through not joining LON-Jan 1918- published 14 points- based on self determination, disarmament, free seas- most importantly establishment of LON to keep peace for future- bold to try and dominate postwar world- LON incorporated into treaty- but when Wilson returned after reparations- many American politicians unhappy w/ LON-14th point would commit the USA to collective security.It would break the tradition of neutrality. Whatever the League decided members would do – so if they decided to go to war? Henry Cabot Lodge 14 reservations- Wilson had stroke Oct 1919- no more political career- treaty failed to get 2/3 vote at Senate- US couldn't join LON because of senate vote- LON didn't have power to oppose Italy and Japan in 1930s |
| WW1 impact p2- industrial growth- find statistic | The war had taught the government how to mobilise workers and the military. There was an increase in industrial production. The government now had the administration know how to do this. Production had been linked to government needs. US factories were not bombed and they emerged from the war as strongest industrial power. |
| WW1 impact p3 - red scare- need to know- how would this impact foreign policy | Russia turned Communist in 1917. The Communists in Russia pledged to its supporters that there would be a Communist revolution throughout the world. This notion put fear into the USA. Communism was a threat to the values of the USA. There were a series of bombings in the USA in 1919. The Attorney General Mitchell Palmer own house was bombed. Anarchists and Communists were blamed. As a consequence, a series of raids on property or homes of suspected anarchists and communists were ordered without warrants, those arrested and imprisoned were so without any legal process. This sent the media into a frenzy; proof there was a Communist conspiracy in the USA. There was a strong anti-Communist sentiment. |
| WW1 impact p4- how would this impact foreign policy | WWI had raised the expectation of black Americans. They had fought in segregated regiments, but had helped secured victory. Their hopes were dashed as black soldiers only received medals from the French government. Black workers had better job prospects in the war factories of the North and the flow of black workers from the South increased after 1915. They were paid and treated better, their expectations rose too. Resentment amongst white workers and competition for scare housing led to rioting. There were riots in 25 cities in 1919. In the Chicago riots, there were shooting and lynchings. |
| Independent internationalism | After 1919 the USA tried to follow a policy of ‘Independent Internationalism’. This meant an active involvement with other nations, but also an insistence on freedom of action to protect national interests. This foreign policy emphasized: - Preventing another war by controlling the arms race - Maintaining America’s economic supremacy. |
| Independent internationalism- acts to Prevent war by controlling arms race | 1921-22- reducing war by reducing navies USA hosted/ lead conference- 9 major powers (America, Britain, Japan, France, Italy, China, Portugal, Belgium and the Netherlands) US concerned about Japan- was a way to reduce this threat- first arms reduction agreement- conference passed 3 treaties- ended Anglo Japan alliance- instead offered consultation by US, Brit, Japan and France when Asian crisis, China, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands established open door principles, limited tonnage of American, British, Japanese, French and Italian navies |
| Independent internationalism- acts to Prevent war by controlling arms race- keeping out of war 1930's | 1934- NYE comittee- the senate appointed an isolationist Republican politician Gerald NYE to investigate the armaments trade- Nye Commitees hearings provided plenty of evidence of questionable practices of the munitions trade and huge profits generated by American financers in WW1- drew concern- lost 116,000 for special interest groups who profitted Neutrality acts as a consequence- 1935- US couldn't sell arms to any country at war- US citizens warned not to travel on belligerent ships , 1936- US couldn't give loans or credit to any country at war, 1937 US citizens banned from travel on belligerent ships |
| Independent internationalism- acts to Prevent war by controlling arms race- keeping out of war 1930's Stimson doctrine- 1932 | LON condemned Japan's invasion of Manchuria but took no action- US responded w/Stimson doctrine- - refused to recognise Japan's invasion of Manchuria- Japan then attacked the important port of Shanghai - Stimson threatened if Japan didn't keep 9 power treaty- wouldn't keep to naval restrictions- war becoming possibility- reached stalemate- President refused to challenge Japan further- thought Japan might fear being crushed between Soviet fear of expansionism and resistance of China against further attacks- but nationalist and anti American feeling growing in Japan- economic failures ended confidence in American money/ treaties |
| Protecting US money- Independent internationalism- tariff's isiolationist- but Dawes/ Young plan- more internationalist | 1922 Fordney McCumber Tariff- A form of protectionism. It placed a tax on all foreign goods into the USA. The highest form of this tax the US government had ever used. 1930 Hawley Smoot Tariff Increased the tax even more on agriculture goods and some factory goods. How this impacted Dawes and Young plan USA loaned $10.35 million to allies. Allies struggled to pay. Fordney McCumber meant foreign countries sold less in USA, less money made. Depended on German reparations to pay USA back. German economy weak and in 1923 France invaded the Ruhr. Germans pay US back at a lower rate over longer time- Allies pay US back with money gained from Germany June 1934- Trade acts- Reciprocal trade acts- reduced trade by 50%- Export import bank- gov agency set up to give money to foreigners wanting to buy US goods |
| Independent internationalism- more internationalist ideas- preventing war | Protect against war Kellog Briand Pact- 1928- 62 nations signed a promise to outlaw war. No means to enforce this, BUT USA had made a promise with many other countries. Based on idea of collective security. Good neighbour policy- 1933- Roosevelt adopted good neighbour policy- USA seen in negative light by Latin American countries. USA had built schools, roads and made investments, but they were seen as an imperial power there. One of its most significant developments was Roosevelt's acceptance of Mexico's decision in 1938 to nationalise all foreign oil companies- no US military intervention despite powerful lobbying of US standard oil company 1938- 500 bombers sent to France- France not at war technically so could send help |
| Dictator countries | 12th December 1937 Japanese sank a US gunboat USS Panay - killing 3, injuring 45. Incident took place on Yangtze River, China. US public called from removal of US ships from China! Reaction of US government: sent a protest and Japan apologised! 13th December 1937 Nanjing (Nanking) Massacre Over a 6 week period Chinese people were killed. Death tolls estimates range from 200,000 to 300,000. Between 20,000 to 80,000 women sexually abused. Europe situation was deteriorating fast; reoccupation of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria. 1938 Munich Conference - British PM brokered a deal with Hitler over the Sudetenlands. Hitler did not keep to the deal and took Czechoslovakia. Roosevelt reduced to a spectator. |
| Spanish civil war | Military coup led by General Franco, a nationalist, in 1936. Republicans v’s Nationalists Germany offered their support to Franco. They allowed their airforce to help Franco. In 1937, Guernica, Northern Spain, (Basque region) was attacked by the Condor Legion. Over 1600 deaths. This demonstrated the might of the German air force. Countries were scared by the prospects of mass bombings. |
| Dealing with neutrality | Britain had a policy of appeasement, which he supported, but it soon became clear it wasn’t effective. The USA had to move away from the limitations of neutrality. Able to send the 500 bombers- but neglected Jews quite a lot The National Origins Act 1924 set immigration policy and did not recognise refugees. It set up a quota system which greatly reduced immigrants allowed into the USA. Between 1933 and 1941 it is estimated that only 8,500 Jews per year were allowed to settle in America. |
| Dealing with neutrality- until 1938 | Even in 1938, America considered herself to be fairly secure. Germany was not a military threat as long as Britain and France stood up to Hitler. Spain had not turned Communist, Communism had not spread. The USA still had her Pacific interests: Hawaii and the Philippines. Japan was still aggressive, but was distracted by a war with China. THERE WAS NO NEED TO PLAY THE ROLE OF A GREAT WORLD POWER. ISOLATIONISM DOMINATED |
| Changes from 1938- impact-preparing resources in case of war/ cash and carry- staying out of war but aligning with allies | 1938 (May) Naval Expansion Act – largest peacetime funding given to the US navy to date. 1939 (Jan) Expansion of air force - $525 million to expand air force 1939 (Sept) Cash and Carry, a new Neutrality Act – arms restrictions lifted, belligerents could buy arms on a cash and carry basis. Pay cash and carry good themselves- Britain and France benefitted. American ships would not get attacked! Remember what happened with the Luisitania in 1917. If FDR helped Britain and France, made them able to fight and stand up against Germany. The USA would not have to intervene! |
| Helping out allies- destroyers for bases | Destroyers for Bases 1940 50 destroyers (battle ships) were transferred to Britain in return for rent free bases for the USA (for 90 years) in 6 British colonies. France fell to Germany in May 1940, Blitzkreig was working. German were expanding quickly! Britain did not have destroyers to act as convoy for cash and carry goods brought. America believed they could stay out of the fighting if Britain was strong and able to fight! America did this to stay out of the fighting. |
| 1940 acts- more resources | Grants to navy and army increased (higher than 1938-39). (July) Peacetime conscription introduced as National Guard and reserves had to do 1-year active duty. (Aug) National Defence Research Committee set up to work on development of new weapons, Manhattan Project started (developed atomic bomb). (June)- would help US dominate war if needed |
| FDR made a speech on the 6th January 1941 warned about the possibility of war and the reasons it would be fought – the four freedoms of the USA: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear. | 1941 (March) Lend Lease – USA could sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers. A sum of $50 billion was given by Congress for Lend-Lease. The money went to 38 different countries with Britain receiving over $31 billion- if Britain could fight- US could stay out of it- hated by isolationists |
| 1941 | March) US shipyards could repair British ships. (April) Atlantic Neutrality Zone declared. Zone nearly to Iceland where the US navy would patrol and report the location of Axis ships to Britain. (July) US troops occupied Iceland, key base in the Atlantic. (Aug) US navy could acts as convoys. Atlantic Charter 1941-Britain and USA set out their vision for the post war world based on democratic principles- showing commitment to war |
| Entering war | (Oct)- 1941- USS Kearney and USS Reuben Jones, two US ships were attacked by U-boats, resulting in deaths of Americans. Sunday, 7th December 1941. Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in the Pacific Ocean.- 2,345 US Servicemen were killed, 1,240 injured- 57 civilians killed, 35 wounded. 8th December 1941 - President Roosevelt declared war on Japan.- 11th December 1941 – Germany declared war on the USA. WAR ON TWO FRONTS! USA changed from ISOLATIONISM to INTERVENTIONISM!! |
| Impact of WW2- before | Pre 1941- Trying to stay out of war- neutrality acts, trying to keep Britain strong Power- not part of LON- but was a mass economic power- eg WW1 - worlds bank- providing resources to keep allies strong in WW2 Germany winning before 1941- taken over Poland in less than 3 weeks, overtaken France - also Japan in war since 1937- getting more land- brutal-doing for emperor |
| Impact of WW2 after | US position- more involved- Americans led by Eisenhower made Germans push back in Italy- prevent Germans from spreading further- grand alliance- Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin- met in Yalta February 1945- committed to interventionism Economic status increased-There was almost full employment and wages increased. Millions of jobs were created in this industrial boom. The average earnings of the bottom 20 per cent of workers grew by around 68 per cent. Military position-6th August 1945- dropped atomic bomb, 9th August 2nd Atomic bomb- 15th August 1945- Japan surrendered- developed weapons US perceived as powerful |
| Beginnings of Cold War- calm before storm- Yalta meeting | Grand alliance met at Yalta conference in February 1945- all 3 joined new United Nations Organisation (UN)- due to damage caused to Soviet Union- Eastern Europe deemed a 'Soviet Sphere of influence', Disagreed over Poland- became part of Soviet Union if Stalin promised to leave US alone |
| Potsdam BARE?-Beliefs-communist vs capitalist coming to surface/ Aims- both want to change policy of Europe- communist vs democratic Change? Change in leaders, new weaponry- Continuity/ impact- US still protecting democracy/ capitalism- still strained relationships w/ soviets | Potsdam conference- July- August 1945-how to deal w/ Japan and Germany-Stalin's 'Red Army' controlled most of Balkans, Finland, Czech, Hungary etc- communist gov in Poland- Roosevelt died April 1945- was replaced by anti communist Harry Truman- saw Stalin's actions as a plot to make Europe Communist- 16 July American's had successfully tested atomic bomb- Truman told Stalin about it here halfway through conference Churchill lost general election- replaced by Clement Atlee- without Churchill Truman and Stalin's suspicions of each other grew- disagreed- Stalin wanted to cripple Germany- US wanted to avoid another TofV- agreed to pro Soviet governments in Eastern Europe |
| Kennan's telegram/ iron curtain BARE- Belief worry of communism spread in east- iron curtain Change- American outlook- not tolerating soviets continuity- protecting democracy impact on foreign policy- relations worsening | February 1946- Kennan's long telegram- George Kennan wrote 7000 word memorandum- analysing soviet policy- believed USSR wanted to dominate eastern Europe and use every tactic to dominate non-communist Western Europe- highly influenced Truman administration Iron curtain speech 1946-over next nine months Stalin achieved domination over Eastern Europe- Stalin determined to stop Russia being invaded by West again- Churchill described it as iron curtain across Europe - leaders began talking about war between east and west by 1948- nations began arms race- propoganda war began |
| Greece/ Truman doctrine BARE- Aims- stop spread of communism Change? Parliament interventionism Continuity? still protecting good ol' democracy bby Impact on foreign policy- now duty to get involved- relations w/ soviets now gone far south- enemies not frenimies | Greece- after war both monarchists and communists tried to gain control of Greece- British supported the monarchists and Soviets supported communists- in 1946 civil war broke out- Britain couldn't afford another war- so threatened to pull out- Truman stepped in and paid for British troops to stay in Greece- by 1950's monarchists had won Truman doctrine- USA would send money to any country believed at risk of communism- try to contain communism to Eastern Europe- open ended commitment and basis of US foreign policy over next 30 years |
| Marshall plan BARE- aim to rebuild Europe whereas Stalin wanted to take all Europe's resources after war- make countries communist Change? Protecting capitalism and democracy Impact on Foreign policy-relation with soviets gone | Truman sent general George Marshall to asses economic state of Europe - discovered Europe was ruined- owed $11.5 bil dollars to US- Marshall recommended 17 bil to save Europe's economy- at first congress refused- many concerned about Trumans growing involvement in foreign affairs All changed- when communist party took over Czech after harsh attack in March 1948 - 1 pro American minister found dead under a window- said it was suicide- suspected pushing- Marshall plan passed- $17 billion over 4 years While it was generous- created a market for US goods - Stalin refused to accept- forbade Eastern countries from applying it- saw as anti communist- made countries reliant on US dollar |
| Berlin blockade- 1948 BARE- Aim- try to prevent communism from spreading- rebuild Change? No longer giving just money- resources Continuity- democracy Foreign policy- relations even worse- both sides trying to outsmart each other- arms race | Stalin wanted to keep Germany economically crippled- but allies recognised Germany needed to be rebuilt- allies joined their zones into one zone in 1946- 1948 reformed currency and Berlin began to recover- Stalin= angry- Berlin deep in soviet sphere- supplied byroads, railways and canals- June 1948- Stalin blocked these routes- cutting off western supplies for 2 mil western Germans US couldn't take military action- but saw Berlin as test- if they gave in here= end of containment- only way to supply= by air- gave food, clothing and business supplies- by 1949 clear blockade wasn't going to work- so Stalin reopened communications |
| Berlin blockade p2 | 1949- Germany was split into allied controlled West Germany-(Federal Republic of Germany) and communist east side of Germany- (German Democratic Republic)- remained separate for 41 years- set out pattern of cold war- showed suspicion on both sides but each side unwilling to go to war with each other |
| NSC BARE- aim- beat USSR in arms race, Responding- Berlin blockade Change- involved in peacetime alliance- now have global outlook- US commited to building specific weapons Continuity- democracy Foreign policy- global now- really not getting along with soviets | NSC- Berlin crisis showed lack of western military preparedness- April 1949- NATO was created- provided mutual defence in case of attack- congress also approved extension of direct US military aid to NATO countries- combined w/ Truman doctrine led to re-evaluation of US foreign policy NSC-68National Security Council paper-68-advocated tripling of US defence budget- Truman already authorised development of more powerful nuclear weapon- h bomb in 1950 |
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