40384774
Description
Flashcards by Olivia Fields, updated 6 months ago
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Created by Olivia Fields
6 months ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Birds evolved from | dinosaurs |
| Endothermy | Insulation |
| Which came first - high metabolic rate or insulation - in birds? | High metabolic rate |
| Ancestors of modern birds were... | fast, terrestrial predators (needed high metabolic rate for chasing prey) |
| Feathers... | increased internal heating - feathers are insulation. |
| Birds produce... | lots of CO2 = capable of lots of activities. |
| Dinosaurs had feathers, meaning that feathers are... | an old adaptation that predates flight. |
| Bird Characteristic - Long Ulna | Increased wing area |
| Bird Characteristic - Strut like coracoids | increased leverage for pectorialis |
| Bird Characteristic - Furcula | Support shoulders during flapping |
| Bird Characteristic - Opposable Hallux | Grasp branches, hind toe on bird foot |
| Bird Characteristic - Keeled Sternum | increased leverage for pectorialis. large muscle needs to attach somewhere - keeled sternum gives more surface area. |
| Bird Characteristic - Pygostyle | Reduced tail. decreased drag and wobbling in flight |
| Bird Characteristic - Shortened Vertebral Column | provides center of gravity near wings |
| Supracoracoideus Muscle | on upstroke --> pulls to coracoid to contract |
| Pectoral Girdle | Uniquely arranged for flight |
| Cursorial (ground up) | 1/2 hypotheses for bird flight: light running. |
| Arboreal (trees-down) | 2/2 hypotheses for bird flight: gliding |
| wings aided in.... | capturing prey & escaping predation by extended "jumps" |
| Archaeopteryx | has many plesiomorphic (homologous) traits. |
| Size of flying birds | 12kg Max |
| Size of Flightless Birds | 150kg Max |
| feathers made of.... | Keratin (like reptile scales) |
| Rachis | Runs through feathers center |
| Barbs | extend from rachis on each side. form vanes held together with barbules (hooks) |
| Distally Feathers | Smooth and Compact top of feather aid in flight |
| Proximally feathers | less well arranged bottom of feather downy looking provide warmth |
| Contour Feathers | External Smooth and reduce drag |
| Semiplumes | intermediate between contour and down. half and half of smooth and fluffy. |
| Down | small, insulating, fluffy traps warm air to the body |
| Bristles | Protects eyes and nostrils help with sensation and catching insects. detect food as they're flying |
| Filoplumes | sense flight information wind speed, pressure, adjust in flight |
| Primaries |
inserted at metacarpals and phalanges
provide forward thrust - tip of wing
Image:
Wing Feathers (image/jpeg)
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| Secondaries |
inserted along ulna
provide lift
Image:
Wing Feathers (image/jpeg)
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| Dynamic Soaring |
Long, thin, gliding
ex: Albatross, shearwaters, seabirds
Image:
Dynamic Soaring1 (image/png)
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| Elliptical Wings | short, powerful, high maneuverability lots of flapping ex: grouse, quail, pheasant, woodland birds |
| High Aspect Ratio Wings | flat profile, little drag, rear swept, fast flight speed ex: swallows, swifts, kites |
| High Lift Wings | Intermediate b/w elliptical and high aspect high maneuverability & slow soaring speed ex: Hawks, vultures, storks |
| adaptations for flight | Streamlined bodies Contour Feathers Pneumatic Bones = Unidirectional flow Increased mass of flight muscles |
| Streamlined Bodies | 200 km/hr flight smooth |
| Contour Feathers | smooth feathers reduce drag |
| Pneumatic Bones | Pores, hollow, weight reduction used in respiration Parabronchial (air pockets in bones): as it exhales air is going into the lungs from air sacs (Unidirectional) Very efficient |
| Increased Mass.... | of flight muscles less than 30% of body mass |
| Crop | Stores food Enlarged portion of esophagus food for offspring |
| Stomach | 2 Chambers |
| Proventiculus | Anterior chamber of stomach secretes acid and enzymes |
| Gizzard | Posterior chamber of stomach muscular (often has rocks) mechanical digestion |
| Instestine | rapid absorption of nutrients |
| Ceca | Symbiotic bacteria in herbivores and omnivores |
| Cloaca | reabsorbs water |
| Insect Catching | Short, thin, pointed |
| Fish Catching | long, spear like |
| Sand probing | very long, thin |
| Raptor | short, heavy, hooked, sharp |
| Strainer | Flat and broad, fills on edges |
| Seed Cracker | Short, heavy, sharp edged |
| Insect Netter | wide, short with bristles |
| Nectar Feeder | Long, narrow, protrusible tongue |
| Drilling for insects | heavy, pointed |
| Senses need to be able to... | renew info about immediate environment |
| Vision and Hearing | Acute vision and hearing marginal sense of smell |
| How many species? | around 9600 species |
| Diverged from who? | Dromeosaurs - Jurrasic period |
| Found on | all continents |
| Relationships of lineages.... | largely unresolved |
| bird orders | falconiformes (falcons) gruiformes (herons, ducks) charadriiformes (killdeer) strigiformes (owls) Caprimulgiformes (mustache beak) Apodiformes (hummingbird) Piciformes (woodpecker) Passeriformes (bluejay) |
| Monotremes | egg laying mammals ex: platypus, echidna |
| Synapsida | Diverged from the rest of Amniota Single temporal fenestra early synapsids resembled other "reptiles" |
| Mammaiia have... | insulation (hair) Endotherm 4 chambered heart |
| Adaptations for Increased metabolism in mammals | turbinates (bones) in nasal openings chewing food secondary plates separating nasal and mouth openings. strengthened jaw - opening of temporal fenestra. increased ear sensitivity |
| More adaptations for increased metabolism in mammals | ventral leg placement - no lung/leg conflict dorsoventral flexion Reduction of tail longer legs - toe walking, more leverage Diaphragm |
| sebaceous glands | Mammary glands are derived from this modified oil production glands |
| Benefits of Lactation | Mother/offspring bond Antibiotic. Immune defense. Reduced microbial activity in nest. reduces offspring dependence on seasonal food supply. |
| Adaptation for Lactation | Increase in facial musculature more effectively receiving milk. |
| How many species of mammals? | about 5,000 there are more amphibians, reptiles, and birds. |
| Mammal hair | insulation |
| Glandular skin | Sweat (cooling), scent & sebaceous (chemical communication), mammary glands |
| Diphydont and heterodont | mouth with 2 teeth and diversity of teeth. (diff types of teeth all with diff functions) |
| Fleshy ears | gather vibrations, better hearing |
| mammal respiratory system | 2o palate, muscular diaphragm. improved respiratory system. |
| Mammal brain | high developed Apomorphic development hemisphere connection |
| Mammals are.... | endothermic and homeothermic |
| No cloaca | seperate openings(2) for waste excretion and reproduction |
| Placenta | most mammals have except for egg laying - monotremes |
| Senses reflect.... | nocturnal nature of most mammals. likely that the first niche was nocturnal |
| Olfaction | acute sense of smell receptors on epithelium of turbinates Olfactory bulb of brain large in most (sensory receptor is large) reduced in primates & cetaceans |
| Retina mostly rod cells | highly sensitive to light, poor acute vision --->form images in low light conditions Birds/lizards mostly have cone cells |
| Tapedum Lucidum | reflective layer behind retina "Sprite eyes" second chance for light to stimulate retinal cell. |
| Mammal complex middle ear | 3 bones derived from jaw unique to mammals that amplify sound - outer ear amplifies sound |
| Mammal Skin (Integmunt) | Highly variable insulating water tight many glands w/ diff. functions |
| Sebaceous gland | Oils feeding skin microbiome repel moisture |
| Apocrine gland | chemical communication musk glands - mating |
| Eccrine gland | "sweat" for thermoregulation |
| mammary gland | milk, possibly homology w/ sebaceous and apocrine |
| Monotremata | Platypus and Echidna Leathery eggs, cloaca no nipples w/ mammary glands "reptile-like" pectoral girdle closest to reptiles |
| Marupialia | opossums, kangaroos 275 species Australia & N/S. America Simple placenta and pouch Shell membrane around embryo Neonates with strong forelimbs, large lungs |
| Eutheria | placental 4200 species placenta - allows gases/nutrients to diffuse between mother and fetus no eggshell membrane longer gestation period |
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