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| Question | Answer |
| Feudalism: What was feudalism? | Feudalism was the political, social and economic organisation that was present in Europe from the 9th century. |
| Feudalism: How was politics in feudalism? | Was feudal monarchy |
| Feudalism: How was society in feudalism? | Was stratified society (privileged and unprivileged estates) |
| Feudalism: How was economic in feudalism? | Was subsistence agriculture |
| Europe in the 11th century: What gradual changes happend in Christian Europe? | -There was a consolidation of the Kingdom of France with the Capeto dynasty. -The lands of Alemania became the Holy Roman Germanic Empire. -The Christian Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsule advanced to the south, and renconquerd lands from the Muslims. |
| Europe in the 11th century: Relation between monarchs and feudal lords. | The feudal lords could be as or more power than monarchs. The monarchs tried to exert a real sovereignty over the kingdoms, but they did not achieve this effectively until the 15th century. |
| Europe in the 11th century: How was the resurgence of urban life? | -Agricultural yields improved, thanks to the innovations (triennial rotation and new tools) and the farmers started to sell the agricultural surplus. -There was a demographic increase, thanks to the better diet. |
| Europe in the 11th century: How was the resurgence of urban life? | -The resurgence of urban centres (Florence, Milan and Geona) and the new boroughs. -The boroughs attracted people with better living conditions. -Pilgrimages to Rome, Jerusalem or Santiago of Compostela. |
| Europe in the 11th century: Define boroughs, tithes and agricultural surplus. | -Were cities that were not under the jurisdiction of feudal lords. -Was a tax of their 10% of the farmer's harvest to the clergy. -Was the part of the farmer's harvest that is left after the tithes and his needs. |
| The Crusades: What were the Crusades? | Were military expeditions, by knights of the Christian Kingdoms with the support of the Pope. between the late 10th an 13th centuries, with the objetives to conquer Holy Land and plunder Muslim land.. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: How were divided the inhabitants of the city? | -Privileged: Clergy and nobles. They were attracted by the urban prosperity, and they ordered to build palaces and cathedrals. -Non-privileged. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: How were the non-privileged people? | -Bourgeoisie: New social group. They were free. They worked in trade and crafts, business that provide large profits. There were big differences between upper and petty bougeoisie. -Working class: apprentices, servants beggars and fugitive servs. -Jews |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: How was the goverment of the cities? | The government of the city was composed by councillors or magistrates, who were responsible for order, justice and economic questions, led by a mayor. They gathered in the town council. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: Define charter. | Were privileges that the king often granted to the cities. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: What was trade? | Trade was the main economic activity in cities. All cities had a market, an economic exchange centre. Some cities created annual fairs for trade. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: Define money and bills of exchange. | -Were minted in a specialised workshop (mint). Money changers, specialist in the value of different coins, occupied the benches in markets. -Were documents expressed the amount that had be given to the merchant in a specific time., so they didn't have to carry large amount of coins. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: Were maritime trade became important? | Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: Define Hanse. | Was a league of merchats in the Blatic Sea. Developed in 14th and 15th centuries. They sold basic products. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: What was craftsmanship? What were guilds? | -Was another important economic activity in cities -Were cfratsmen associations such as tailors, tanners, carpenters.. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: Purposes of guilds | - Establish the volume and prices of the products. - Provide the raw materials. - Regulate working hours. - Authorise new workshops. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: Categories of guilds | - The master craftsman: an expert in the professions and manager of the tools and workshop. He earned the store's beneficts. - Skilled workers: who were salaried employees. They could become master craftsmen if the guild approved this. - Apprentices: started at 7 and worked in exchange for a bedroom and food. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: When was the strengthening of the monarchies? | Between the 12 and 13th century their strengthening their power in relation to feudal lords. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: What were government instruments that monarchy had? | - Permanent army: the king controlled it and were made of professional soldiers. - King's delegates: officials designated by the King. - Ambassadors: were send by the king and established relations with other kingdoms. |
| Medieval cities -centres of trade and crafts-: What were government instruments that monarchy had? | - Treasury: collected taxes - Royal Council: was a representation of all estates. - Cortes or Parliament: were king's advisers (nobles and clergy). |
| Late Middle Ages -crisis and recovery-: How was 14th and 15th centuries? | - 14th century was an era of crisis. - 15th century ended with a stage of prosperity. |
| Late Middle Ages -crisis and recovery-: What happend in 14th century? | Famine, plague and war devasted European population. |
| Late Middle Ages -crisis and recovery-: What was agricultural crisis? | Was the bad harvest that affected the basic food. Famine spread through the European kingdoms. The price of basic food increased. The lord increased the taxes. The situation for non privileges were unsustainable and there were farmer rebellions and revolts in cities. |
| Late Middle Ages -crisis and recovery-: What plague happend? | Was the Black Death, that affected Europe between 1347 and 1350. It killed over a third of the European population. |
| Late Middle Ages -crisis and recovery-: Why there was war? | Beacuse there were conflicts between monarchy and nobles. The monarchs wanted to consolidate their authority, and the nobles desire to increase their influence. |
| Late Middle Ages -crisis and recovery-: What was Schism? | Was when the Catholic Church experienced a crisis. In 1378, two Popes were elected, which caused a rupture in the unity within the church: • Clement VII in Avignon • Urban VI in Rome In 1417, the Council of Constance elected a Pope, Martin V, and the Schism finished |
| Late Middle Ages -crisis and recovery-: What happend in 15th century? | • The Middle Ages ended with a stage of prosperity. • Cities became centres of activity and prosperity again. • Trade make large fortunes, and consolidate a trading capitalism led by the upper bourgeoisie. Families such as the Medici and the Fugger became great bankers who lent money to kings. • Kings became the sovereigns of subjects. |
| Late Middle Ages -crisis and recovery-: What were the characteristics of the kindoms in 15th century? | • Defined borders • Economic resources, thank to the Treasury. • Permanent army, which allowed monarch not depend on the feudal lords. • A diplomacy, that represented the king in the courts of other monarchs. |
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