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Flashcards by tarika.chopra07, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by emilyralphs
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| Question | Answer |
| Abbreviation | Shortened form of a word |
| Accommodation Theory | When someone changes their language in the style of another participant (vice versa) |
| Acronym | An abbreviation formed by initials |
| Active Voice | The voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action (e.g. the boy threw the ball) |
| Addresser/Addressee | The one whom something is addressed by/to |
| Adjacency Pair | The two halves in an interaction (e.g. "Knock knock" and "Who's there?") |
| Adverbial | Gives us additional information on the time, place or manner (e.g. ...in May) |
| Agenda-Setting | Deciding when/where things must be discussed |
| Antonym | A word that means the opposite to another (e.g. big and small) |
| Audience | Spectators or listeners at a performance or the aimed body |
| Backchannel Behaviour | A noise, gesture or expression to indicate that the listener is playing attention to the speaker |
| Blend | A new word combined by two existing ones |
| Borrowing | The adoption of root words from other languages to create new words |
| Clause | A group of words containing a subject and its verb (e.g. It was late when he arrived) |
| Collocation | Words that are typically found together |
| Colloquial | Informal language |
| Compounding | Creating new words by joining others |
| Connotation | An idea/feeling a word creates |
| Consonant | A speech where the breath is at least partially obstructed and can be added to a vowel to form a syllable |
| Context | Circumstances of the text (mode, field, function and tenor) |
| Convergence | More towards the way other people speak to match another group or social identity with purpose to express shared identity |
| Covert Prestige | Pronunciation previously inferior that has become superior |
| Declarative | A statement |
| Deixis | Relies on context to give meaning |
| Denotation | The literal meaning of a word |
| Derivation (affixing) | Taking a basic word and adding prefixes and suffixes to create a new, related word |
| Descriptive Approach | Describes in a descriptive way the grammar in use |
| Discourse | (A word with several meanings) Including the study of the whole text, structure and underlying ideology |
| Discourse Marker | Words that mark divisions between the parts of communication (e.g. 'well and 'right') |
| Divergence | Adjusting your speech to sound different, trying to express seperation |
| Elision | The omission of a sound or syllable when speaking (e.g. I'm or let's ) |
| Ellipsis | The omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are unnecessary or able to be understood from contextual clues. |
| Etymology | The study of the origins of words |
| Face | The self image someone presents publicly |
| Field | The broader topic in which something is created |
| Figurtative | Words that aren't used literally, such as in metaphors and similes, often suggesting a comparison between two things |
| Filler | Sounds or words that are spoken to fill potential gaps in utterances (e.g. "er", "um" and "y'know") |
| First Person Pronoun | I/me/we/us |
| Footing | (Bound with tenor) It's where you find yourself in relation to other people |
| Formality | The way people adjust the tone of their language to suit the situation (also register) |
| Framing Move | Discourse marker |
| Function | The purpose of something, beyond its structure |
| Glottal Stop | A speech sound produced by a momentary closure of the glottis, followed by an explosive |
| Grammar | The structure or form of language within a sentence |
| Grapheme | The term for basic unit written in langauge |
| Graphology | The visual aspects of texts |
| Grice's Maxims | Quantity (not saying too much/little), Quality (be truthful), Relevance (be relevant) and Manner (be clear) |
| Hedge | A word or phrase that softens the force with which something is said |
| Idiolect | Language or speech patterns |
| Imperative | An order/command |
| Implicature | What the speaker or write is implying beyond the literal sense |
| Informality | A manner of communication that is spontaneous, private and reliant on the content of participants relationship |
| Intensifier | An adverb used to intensify or modify a verb |
| Interrogative | A grammatical form conventionally expressing a question |
| Interruption | Stopping someone speaking by speaking oneself |
| Intonation | The rise and fall of the voice in pitch |
| Jargon | Specific to particular subjects, usually difficult to understand |
| Joo's 5 Levels of Formality | Frozen, Formal, Consultative, Casual and Intimate |
| Key Constituent | An essential part of something, whole |
| Lexeme | Stem of a word (go) |
| Lexis | Words |
| Literal Meaning | The most basic sense of a word |
| Marker of Sympathetic Circularity | Check the receiver remains engaged in the conversation (like backchanneling) |
| Metaphor | A comparison between two seemingly unrelated things. They create a much stronger, more definite image than similes as the object is transformed into the other (e.g. She was my rock) |
| Mitigated Imperative | A grammatical form expressing an order in a subtle manner (e.g. Please mow the lawn) |
| MLU (Mean Length of Utterance) | A statistical term for the assessing in a conversation how much each person speaks |
| Modal Auxiliary Verb | A verb that modifies the meaning of the main verb in a clause (will, would, should, ought to...) |
| Modal Expression | Indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the situation |
| Mode | The text type/way that language is transmitted from person to person |
| Monosyllabic | (Of a word or utterance) consisting of one syllable |
| Morpheme | The end you stick on (morphs the word) (e.g. I make, he makes, I am making) |
| Morphology | The study of word formation |
| Neologism | Making a new word or expression |
| Nomilanisation | The process of transforming verbs into nouns |
| Onomatopoeia | When a word reflects the sound of an object or action to which it refers |
| Overlapping Speech | When one person starts speaking before the other has finished |
| Passive Voice | When the subject of the sentence isn't mentioned (e.g. You will be prosecuted if...) |
| Past Tense | When a verb expresses something that happened previously |
| Phatic | Referring to the social part of communication, rather than its mesaage |
| Phoneme | The smallest sound in language |
| Phonology | Study of sounds in language |
| Phrase | A small group of words (or single) forming a grammatical unit within clauses and sentences |
| Pitch | The level of voice, the highness or lowness of a tone |
| Post-Modification | Putting the describing part after the noun (e.g. the husky bloke who lives on my street) |
| Pragmatics | The study of how meanings are conveyed in social contexts of language use |
| Prefix | A morpheme added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning |
| Pre-Modification | Putting a word or words before a noun to build up a phrase |
| Prescriptive Approach | Lays down the rules of 'correct grammar' |
| Present Tense | The form or verb typically expressing something occurring or existing now |
| Prestige | Pronunciation considered superior |
| Received Pronunciation (RP) | The accent provided as the standard pronunciation of individual words in a dictionary, also recognized as a marker of social status |
| Register | A form of language appropriate to a particular situation or context, including its mode, tenor and function |
| Salutation | A greeting |
| Schwa | ə |
| Second Person Pronoun | You/thee/thou |
| Semantic Field | A group of words drawn from a particular area (e.g. food or colours) |
| Semantics | The study of relationships between words and meanings |
| Slang | Informal language, usually spoken, often short lived |
| Standard English | The conventional and accepted forms of words and usage in the English Language |
| Stigmatised | Language considered inferior |
| Stress | Place emphasis on a word and syllable, in speech often perceived as increasedvolume |
| Structure | The way that language is put together and given shape |
| Sub-text | The literacy term for underlying (pragmatic) meanings within a text |
| Subject-Specific Lexis | A group of words relating to particular topics |
| Suffix | A morpheme added to the end of a word to modify its meaning |
| Synonym | A word that has the same or similar meaning to another |
| Taboo Language | Considered forbidden within a certain social circumstance because it's highly inappropriate |
| Tag Question | A short interrogative structure attached to a declarative (e.g. "Nice day, isn't it?') |
| Tenor | The relationship between the write/speaker and the audience, reflecting their roles and status |
| Terms of Address | The manner in which someone refers to another, reflecting the nature of their relationship |
| Text | A sequence of sentences or utterances in spoken, written, preened or electronic language |
| Text Structure | The way that a text is put together and given shape, with the reference to the styles that receivers expect according to subject matter |
| Third Person Pronoun | He/she/it/they |
| Transactional Language | Language used to pass information |
| Turntaking | The ways speakers exchange turns in a conversation |
| Utterance | The physical realization of a sentence in its spoken or written form |
| Vowel | The nucleus of a syllable, technically a speech sound produced by comparatively open configuration of the vowel tract |
| Word Class | A category of words of similar function, such as a noun |
| Ambiguous | Open to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning |
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