Urinalysis Unit 1 Review

Question	Answer
The total renal blood flow is approximately:	1200 ml/min
The enzyme renin is produced by the kidney:	in response to low plasma sodium levels
The approximate number of nephrons contained in each kidney is:	1 million
The major cause of the nephrotic syndrome in children is:	minimal change disease
Persons taking diuretics can be expected to produce:	Polyuria
All of the following are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by active transport except:	Water
The primary chemical affected by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is:	Sodium
All of the following are considered normal functions of the kidney except:	elimination of serum proteins
Urine from a patient with polyuria has a high specific gravity. The patient should be evaluated for:	diabetes mellitus
The average daily volume of urine produced by a normal adult is approximately:	1200 mL
The total renal plasma flow is approximately:	600 mL/min
Water is passively reabsorbed in all parts of the nephron except the:	ascending loop of Henle
The polyuria associated with diabetes mellitus is caused by:	the presence of excess glucose in the urine
Most of the sodium filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed in the:	proximal convoluted tubule
Diseases affecting the glomerulus are primarily caused by:	immunological disorders
Damage to the glomerulus can occur as a result of all of the following except:	increased filtration of electrolytes
The specific gravity of the glomerular ultrafiltrate is:	1.010
The glomerular filtrate is described as a:	protein-free ultrafiltrate of plasma
Symptoms of acute glomerular nephritis include all of the following except:	hypoalbuminemia
The most common cause of end-stage renal disease is:	diabetic nephropathy
Increased production of aldosterone causes:	increased plasma sodium levels
The buildup of crescentic formations on the glomerular capillaries is characteristic of:	Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
A person exhibiting oliguria would have a urine volume of:	200 to 500 mL
Which of the following terms is correctly matched with urine output?	Polyuria: 3000 mL in 24 hours
A urine specimen may be rejected by the laboratory for all of the following reasons except:	the container uses a screw-top lid
Early Egyptian physicians examined urine for all of the following except:	pH
To determine if a specimen is urine, measure the concentrations of:	urea and creatinine
Urine from a patient with diabetes insipidus has:	increased volume and decreased specific gravity
Red blood cells will disintegrate more rapidly in urine that is:	dilute and alkaline
The preferred method of urine preservation in the laboratory is:	refrigeration
All of the following could cause falsely decreased creatinine clearance results except:	secretion of creatinine by the tubules
Decreased production of vasopressin:	produces a high urine volume
Which of the following urine chemicals will deteriorate when exposed to air and light?	Bilirubin Ketones Urobilinogen
Substances removed from the blood by tubular secretion include primarily:	protein-bound substances, hydrogen, and potassium
Results for glomerular filtration tests are reported in:	milliliters per minute
Aldosterone regulates sodium reabsorption in the:	distal convoluted tubule
The primary cause of the changes that take place in unpreserved urine is:	bacterial growth
Clearance tests used to determine the glomerular filtration rate must measure substances that are:	neither reabsorbed or secreted by the tubules
All of the following can be used to preserve a urine reagent strip glucose analysis except:	sodium fluoride
All of the following are endogenous clearance test substances except:	inulin
The most common error in measuring the glomerular filtration rate using the creatinine clearance is:	inaccurate timing of urine collection
Which of the following will be least affected in an unpreserved specimen left at room temperature overnight?	Protein
Production of antidiuretic hormone is controlled by the:	state of body hydration
An additional calculation that may be required in the creatinine clearance is a correction for:	body size
Which of the following disorders has the best prognosis?	Henoch-Schönlein purpura
If a substance is completely filtered by the glomerulus and then completely reabsorbed by the tubules, the clearance of that substance will be:	zero
An unpreserved urine specimen left at room temperature overnight will have decreased:	glucose and ketones
Goodpasture syndrome and Wegener's granulomatosis are associated with the presence of which of the following in the urine sediment?	Red blood cell casts
Which of the following is least likely to occur if a urine specimen stands at room temperature for more than 2 hours?	Decreased pH
Kidneys with impaired production of ammonia will consistently produce urine with a:	high pH
A patient with symptoms of hemoptysis and hematuria should be tested for:	both A and C: antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody antiglomerular basement membrane antibody
The body surface of the average person in square meters is:	1.73
A urine specimen containing a large amount of precipitated amorphous material may have been preserved using:	refrigeration
A specimen for routine urinalysis and culture can be preserved using:	boric acid
A renal disorder associated with heroin abuse is:	Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
The most routinely used laboratory method for measuring the glomerular filtration rate is the:	creatinine clearance
Blood tests to confirm the diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis detect the presence of:	antistreptococcal antibodies
The first morning urine is the specimen of choice for routine urinalysis because it:	is more concentrated to better detect abnormalities
The serum osmolarity of a patient with hyponatremia:	should be lower than 275 mOsm
The recommended specimen for routine urinalysis testing is the:	first morning specimen
Failure to empty the bladder before beginning the collection of a timed urine specimen will:	cause falsely increased results
Vapor pressure osmometers are based on the principle that:	increased solute lowers the vapor pressure of a solution
The finding of bacterial casts is associated with:	both A and C: chronic pyelonephritis acute pyelonephritis
Oval fat bodies and fatty casts are characteristic urine sediment constituents in patients with:	nephrotic syndrome
Glomerular basement membrane thickening occurs in membranous glomerulonephritis as a result of deposition of:	IgG immune complexes
Performing a creatinine clearance is helpful for determining:	the feasibility of administering medications
Infection of the bladder is termed:	cystitis
All of the following specimens are acceptable for a urine culture except a:	timed specimen
For accurate evaluation of renal tubular concentrating ability, patient preparation should include:	fluid deprivation
Cystitis can be differentiated from pyelonephritis by:	the presence of white blood cell casts
The normal serum osmolarity is:	275 to 300 mOsm
All of the following are good preservatives of urinary cellular elements except:	sodium fluoride
A first morning specimen is frequently requested to confirm:	orthostatic proteinuria
The first morning specimen from a patient with no history of symptoms of diabetes is positive for glucose. The patient should:	collect the second morning specimen
A technical error that could cause a discrepancy between freezing-point and vapor-pressure osmometry readings is:	evaporation of the sample
The presence of heavy proteinuria is most characteristic of:	nephrotic syndrome
Measurement of urine osmolarity is a more accurate measure of renal concentrating ability than specific gravity because:	osmolarity is influenced equally by small and large molecules
The pronounced edema associated with the nephrotic syndrome is related to the:	hypoalbuminemia
Quantitation of a substance that varies with daily activities should be performed on a:	24-hour specimen
The test that provides information similar to specific gravity is the:	osmolarity
Substances that can interfere with serum osmolarity readings include all of the following except:	sodium
Calculate the creatinine clearance for a patient of average size from the following data: Urine volume: 720 mL for 12 hours Urine creatinine: 120 mg/dL Serum creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL	80 mL/min
The extent to which the kidney concentrates the glomerular filtrate can be determined by measuring:	urine and serum osmolarity
Following fluid deprivation, a patient has a serum osmolarity of 276 mOsm and a urine osmolarity of 1000 mOsm. This patient:	has normal concentration ability
Before analysis, a refrigerated urine specimen must be:	returned to room temperature
John White donates one of his two healthy kidneys to his twin brother. His glomerular filtration rate can be expected to:	remain within a normal range
For quantitative analysis of urinary constituents the required specimen is the:	timed specimen
The renal function that is most frequently the first affected by early renal disease is:	tubular reabsorption
Which organ of the body breaks down protein to form urea?	Liver
Given the following information, calculate the osmolar clearance: urine volume—720 mL in 24 hours, urine osmolarity—700 mOsm, and plasma osmolarity—300 mOsm.	1.2 mL/min
A patient with insufficient production of ADH would have which of the following results?	Urine volume—5 mL/min; osmolar clearance—2 mL/min
An alternative to the catheterized specimen is the:	midstream clean-catch specimen
The most serious tubulointerstitial disorder is:	chronic pyelonephritis
What is the maximum length of time a urine specimen should remain unpreserved at room temperature before testing?	2 hours
What is the term meaning an increase in urine production during the night?	Nocturia
Where should labels on urine specimen containers be placed?	Container
Increased urinary eosinophils are diagnostic for:	acute interstitial nephritis
Given the following information, calculate the patient's free water clearance: urine volume—360 mL in 12 hours, urine osmolarity—1400 mOsm, and plasma osmolarity—275 mOsm.	-2.0 mL/min
The least contaminated specimen for bacterial culture is the:	suprapubic aspiration
Using the following values, calculate the creatinine clearance: urine volume—1200 mL/12h, urine creatinine—60 mg/dL, and serum creatinine—0.8 mg/dL	128 mL/min
PAH is secreted by the:	proximal convoluted tubule
The PAH test is used to measure:	renal blood flow
A 12-hour urine specimen with a volume of 360 mL is collected for a creatinine clearance. What is the volume (V) used to calculate the clearance?	0.5 mL/min
Tests to measure the tubular secretion of hydrogen ions include all of the following except:	urinary bicarbonate
Following injection of ADH, a patient has a serum osmolarity of 290 mOsm and a urine osmolarity of 450 mOsm. The patient:	lacks tubular response to ADH
Following a 2-hour infusion of p-aminohippuric acid, during which 200 mL of urine is collected, the urine PAH is 260 mg/dL, and the patient's plasma PAH is 0.8 mg/dL. Calculate the renal plasma volume.	553 mL/min
Microscopic urinalysis findings with acute interstitial nephritis include all of the following except:	bacteria
Which of the following is not associated with the elimination of hydrogen ions?	Protein
Documentation of appropriate handling of specimens for drug analysis is provided by the:	chain of custody form
Renal tubular acidosis can be caused by the:	inability to produce an acid urine due to impaired production of ammonia
In which of the following disorders would waxy and broad casts be most likely to be seen?	Chronic renal failure
To provide an accurate measure of renal blood flow, a test substance should be:	cleared on each contact with functional renal tissues
Increased turbidity in urine that remains at room temperature is usually caused by:	bacterial growth
THE TYPE OF NEPHRON RESPONSIBLE FOR RENAL CONCENTRATION IS THE?	JUXTAGLOMERULAR
THE FUNCTION OF THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES IS?	BOTH A AND C: REABSORPTION AND SECRETION
FILTRATION OF PROTEIN IS PREVENTED IN THE GLOMERULUS BY?	THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION BARRIER
THE RENIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?	VASOCONSTRICTION OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
THE PRIMARY CHEMICAL AFFECTED BY THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IS?	SODIUM
SECRETION OF RENIN IS STIMULATED BY?	MACULA DENSA CELLS
THE HORMONE ALDOSTERONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR?	SODIUM RETENTION
THE FLUID LEAVING THE GLOMERULUS HAS A SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF?	1.010
FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT TO OCCUR, A CHEMICAL?	MOST COMBINE WITH A CARRIER PROTEIN TO CREATE ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY
WHICH OF THE TUBULES IS IMPERMEABLE TO WATER?	ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE
GLUCOSE WILL APPEAR IN URINE WHEN?	ALL OF THE ABOVE: BLOOD LEVEL OF GLUCOSE IS 200 ML/DL Tm FOR GLUCOSE IS REACHED RENAL THRESHOLD FOR GLUCOSE IS EXCEEDED
CONCENTRATION OF THE TUBULAR FILTRATE BY THE COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM DEPENDS ON ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?	REABSORPTION OF WATER IN THE DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE
ADH REGULATES THE FINAL URINE CONCENTRATION BY CONTROLLING?	TUBULAR PERMEABILITY
DECREASED PRODUCTION OF ADH?	PRODUCES A HIGH URINE VOLUME
BICARBONATE IONS FILTERED BY THE GLOMERULUS ARE RETURNED TO THE BLOOD?	ALL OF THE ABOVE: IN THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE COMBINED WITH HYDROGEN IONS BY TUBULAR SECRETION
IF AMMONIA IS NOT PRODUCED BY THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, THE URINE pH WILL BE?	BASIC
THE LARGEST SOURCE OF ERROR IN CREATININE CLEARANCE TESTS IS?	IMPROPERLY TIMED URINE SPECIMENS
CLEARANCE TESTS USED TO DETERMINE THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE MUST MEASURE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE?	NEITHER REABSORBED OR SECRETED BY THE TUBULES
PERFORMING A CLEARANCE TEST USING RADIONUCLEOTIDES?	BOTH A AND C: ELIMINATES THE NEED TO COLLECT URINE; PROVIDES VISUALIZATION OF THE FILTRATION
VARIABLES THAT ARE INCLUDED IN THE MDRD-IDSM ESTIMATED CREATININE CLEARANCE CALCULATIONS INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?	WEIGHT
AN ADVANTAGE TO USING CYSTATIN C TO MONITOR GFR IS THAT?	IT DOES NOT REQUIRE URINE COLLECTION; IT IS NOT SECRETED BY THE TUBULES; IT CAN BE MEASURED BY IMMUNOASSAY
SOLUTES DISSOLVED IN SOLVENT WILL?	LOWERING THE FREEZING POINT
SUBSTANCES THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH FREEZING POINT MEASUREMENT OF URINE AND SERUM OSMOLARITY INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?	SODIUM
CLINICAL OSMOMETERS USE NACL AS A REFERENCE SOLUTION BECAUSE?	NACL IS PARTIALLY IONIZED SIMILAR TO THE COMPOSITION OF URINE
THE NORMAL SERUM OSMOLARITY IS?	275-300 MOSM
AFTER CONTROLLED FLUID INTAKE, THE URINE-TO-SERUM OSMOLARITY RATIO SHOULD BE AT LEAST?	1:1
TO PROVIDE AN ACCURATE MEASURE OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW, A TEST SUBSTANCE SHOULD BE COMPLETELY?	CLEARED ON EACH CONTACT WITH FUNCTIONAL RENAL TISSUE
RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS CAN BE CAUSED BY THE?	INABILITY TO PRODUCE AN ACIDIC URINE DUE TO IMPAIRED PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA
TESTS PREFORMED TO DETECT RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS AFTER ADMINISTERING AN AMMONIUM CHLORIDE LOAD INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?	ARTERIAL PH

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	Created by Josefina Gonzalez almost 10 years ago