458034
Description
Flashcards by Morgan Morgan, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Morgan Morgan
almost 12 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| If energy intake = energy expenditure subject is in | energy balance. |
| If energy intake is greater than energy expenditure the subject is | in positive energy balance. Excess energy is stored as fat. |
| If energy intake is less than energy expenditure, the is subject is | in negative energy balance. Fat stores are mobilised. |
| Energy is available from 4 sources? | CHO FAT PROTEIN ALCOHOL |
| The gross energy value of food is measured by a | Bomb calorimeter |
| You need an excess of around 8000kcal to gain | 1kg of fat |
| An average 25 year old female needs to consume how many calories per day? | 2080 |
| An average 25 year old male needs to consume how many calories per day? | 2600 |
| 3 components of total energy expenditure? | Basal metabolic rate. Physical activity. Thermic effect of food. |
| Basal metabolic rate accounts for what percentage of TEE? | 60-70% |
| Minimal energy to survive is called the ? | Basal metabolic rate |
| Physical activity accounts for what percentage of TEE? | 15-30% |
| Thermic effect of food accounts for what percentage of TEE? | 10% |
| Thermic effect of food means? | Increased energy expenditure after eating, due to digesting and absorbing food |
| Factors affecting the basal metabolic rate? | Body weight (increased weight, increases BMR) Body composition (the higher % of fat, the lower the BMR) Age (higher BMR in childhood). (Decreases from around 18 years onwards) Gender (BMR is higher in males due to increased muscle mass) |
| Direct Calorimetry means? | Heat given off by a human is measured by temperature changes flowing through a calorimeter. |
| Indirect Calorimetry | The rate of oxygen consumption by the body can be used to measure metabolic rate. |
| 95% of all metabolic reactions require ? | Oxygen |
| What percentage of CHO, FAT and protein should be in your diet? | CHO - 50-55% FAT - 30-35% PROTEIN - 10-15% |
| 3 types of carbohydrates? | Monsaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose). Disaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose). Polysaccharides (glycogen). |
| What is the storage from of CHO (carbohydrate) in animals? | Glycogen |
| Where is glycogen stored? | Liver and skeletal muscles |
| Liver glycogen helps to maintain what between meals? | Blood glucose |
| 3 classes of lipids (fats)? | Triglycerides - 90% Phospholipids - 5% Steroids - 5% |
| Triglycerides are stored in the body in what type of tissue? | ADIPOSE TISSUE |
| Triglycerides are composed of what? | Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids |
| Phospholipids are composed of a? | glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acids. |
| What are steroids composed of? | 4 interconnected carbon rings. |
| Examples of steroids? | cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol. |
| Proteins are a source of | amino acids. |
| Proteins are only used once fat and carbs have been used up? | Yes |
| Proteins are made up from combinations of how many amino acids? | 20 |
| Primary structure of protein? | linear sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary structure of protein? | Twisting of the amino acid chain into a helix or pleated sheet. |
| Tertiary structure of protein? | 3d shape of amino acid chain. |
| Quaternary structure? | 2 or more polypeptide chains held together by bonds. |
| Most enzymes are what type of protein? | Globular |
| Most enzymes stabalise at which temperature? | 37 degrees |
| Enzyme denatures at around which temperature? | 42 degrees |
| Factors affecting enzyme activity? | PH Temperature |
| Enzymes only function within a.............PH range | very narrow |
| ATP stands for ? | Adenosine triphosphate |
| ATP production is known as | chemical respiration. |
| Only a small amount of ATP can be stored in the body (..g), but the body may use ...g per hour. | 50,400 |
| Anaerobic | Without oxygen |
| Aerobic | with oxygen |
| Anaerobic activities are what type of activities? | Strenuous activities which can only be maintained for a short period of time. |
| Aerobic activities are | low to moderate activities which can be sustained for a long time. |
| When oxygen supply meets oxygen demand this is known as a | steady state |
| How many ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose? | 38 |
| 3 stages of ATP production? | Glycolysis in cytoplasm (no oxygen required). Kreb's cycle in the matrix of the mitochondria (oxygen required). Electron Transport chain in cristae of mitochondria (oxygen required). |
| Where does glycolysis take place? Where does the Kreb's cycle take place? Where does the electron transport chain take place? | Glycolysis in cytoplasm. Kreb's cycle in the matrix of the mitochondria. Electron Transport chain in cristae of mitochondria. |
| Glycolysis | 6 carbon glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of 3-carbon pyruvic acid. Net production of 2 ATP. |
| If no oxygen is present, pyruvic acid is converted to .... | lactic acid. |
| Kreb's cycle | 3-C Pyruvic acid loses 1 carbon to become 2-C acetyl Co-enzyme A (Acetyl Co-A). Results in the production of 2 ATP. |
| Electron transport chain | Oxygen must be present. Results in the production of 34 ATP. |
| A douglas bag is used in ....... | indirect calorimetry |
| For every litre of oxygen used, the body uses.... k.cal or ....kj of energy. | 4.8 or 20 |
| The percentage of oxygen in inspired air is.... | 21% |
| Measuring metabolic rate calculation. | Volume O2 in inspired air x litres =A Volume 02 in expired air x litres = B A-B=C C/by volume of 02 used per X minutes = D D X4.8kcal= E E/body weight =FINAL ANSWER. |
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