706831
| Question | Answer |
| Anatomic Location of the Adrenal Gland | Right above the kidneys, near the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava |
| Layers of the Adrenal Medulla and what they produce | Glomerulosa -- Aldosterone Fasciculata -- Cortisol Reticularis- Androgens Medulla -- Catecholamines |
| Which layer of the adrenal gland is not essential for life? | The medulla is not essential for life. It's considered a sympathetic ganglion. Secretes when stimulated by the splanchic nerves |
| Name some of the catecholamines produced by the medulla | NE, Epinephrine, Dopamine |
| What does the adrenal cortex secrete? Which are necessary for life? | -Mineralcorticoids* -Glucocorticoids * -Sex Hormones -1st two are necessary * |
| Name things that stimulate the medullary layers | -Ang II and K+ stimulate Glomerulosa (aldosterone production) -ACTH stimulates the fasciculata (cortisol) and the reticularis (androgens) -Preganglionic sympathetic nerves and Cortisol stimulate medulla (catecholamines) |
| Catecholamine releasing cells vs Steroid releasing cells | Catecholamine: Have more dense core vesicles Steroid: More mito, agranular ER, and lipid droplets |
| NE secreting cells vs Epi Secreting Cells | Epi secreting cells are larger with less dense granules (90%) NE secreting cells are smaller with more dense granules (10%) |
| What is the precursor molecule for most Catecholamines | Tyrosine |
| What enyzme catalyzes Tyrosine --> L-Dopa | Tyrosine Hydroxylase |
| What enzyme catalyzes L-Dopa --> Dopamine? | Amino Acid Decarboxylase |
| What enzyme catalyzes Dopamine to NE? | Dopamine Beta-Hydrolase |
| What enzyme catalyzes NE to Epi? | PNMT |
| What induces PMNT? What inhibits it? | Glucocorticoids -- cortisol (stress) induces it Adrenaline (epi) inhibits it |
| What activates Tyrosine Hydroxylase? | PKA, PKC, CaM+ Kinase, preganglionic sypathetics |
| What epi cells release in addition to adrenaline? | Epinephrine + opioid peptides (pre-pro- enkephaline) --> painkillers |
| Preganglionic Fibers release AcH on what type of receptors in the peripheral nerves? | Nicotinic (N2) |
| What are the target organs in sympathetic stimulation | Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, glands |
| Basal state vs Fight/Flight secretions | Basal State releases NE Fight or Flight state releases Epi |
| Constitutive vs Regulated secretion | Constitutive: Always being released from trans Golgi (unregulated membrane fusion) Regulated: waits for signal from a hormone for secretory vesicle to fuse with plasma membrane and release contents |
| Two modalities of Catecholamine release | Kiss and Run (limited release of material during the basal state) Full fusion (full release of material in activated state) -- has fission machinery to cut the membrane |
| Describe the innervation of the adrenal medulla | Splanchnic Nerve (preganglionic sympathetic neuron) synapses on adrenal medulla near Chromafin cell (post ganglionic sympathetic neuron), which release Epi into bloodstream |
| What happens during persistent nicotinic firing? | Desensitization of the nicotinic receptors |
| What peptide hormone can stimulate the catecholamine release from adrenal medulla even during desensitization | PACAP preferentially released from splanchnic nerve under heightened firing |
| What type of receptor does PACAP work on? | G-alpha-s increase cAMP and PKC via Epac molecule |
| Ratio of NE:E in rest v stress | rest --> NE:E is 3:1 stress --> NE:E is 1:9 |
| What is the major product of Catecholamine Catabolism? | VMA |
| Short and long term effects of PKA | Short term: PKA releases catalytic elements affecting transcription downstream Long term: altered gene up-regulation |
| What cell releases renin? | Juxtaglomerular cells |
| Where does Angiotensin 2 act? | In the adrenal cortex which produces aldosterone |
| What is the major product of Glycogen breakdown with catecholamines ? | Glucose 1-P |
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