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| Question | Answer |
| Magnification | How many times bigger the image is when compared to the object |
| Resolution | The minimum distance apart that two objects can be seen for them to appear as separate items |
| Gene expression | The genes that are 'switched on' when cells differentiate |
| Stem cells | Cells that have the capacity to self-renew by cell division and differentiate |
| Prokaryotic cell | A cell without a nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles |
| Eukaryotic cells | A cell with a nuclear membrane and membrane organelles |
| Diffusion | The passive transport of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration as a result of kinetic energy |
| Passive transport | No energy is required and only kinetic energy of molecules is used |
| Active transport | Requires external energy as molecules are moved against the concentration gradient |
| Equalibrium | When the concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane. Net movement stops but molecules are always moving |
| Facilitated diffusion | Diffusion with the use of a carrier protein which changes shape and passes the substance across the membrane |
| Osmosis | The net movement of water through a partially permeable membrane from a solution of -ve to more -ve water potential. |
| Cohesion | The binding together of 2 molecules of the same type |
| Adhesion | The binding between different polar molecules |
| Organic | A molecule containing carbon-hydrogen bonds |
| Condensation reaction | A reaction that produces water |
| Hydrolysis reaction | A reaction that uses water |
| Esterification | The formation of ester bonds |
| Semi-conservative replication | Half of the new DNA strand is from the original strand |
| Gene | A sequence of nucleotides coding for a particular protein |
| Triplet code | The nucleotides read in threes, it is a universal code, non-overlapping and degenerate. |
| Genome | The complete set of an organisms base sequence |
| Mutation | A change in the nucleotides of DNA (in the base pair) |
| Non-disjunction | When the chromosomes, at the metaphase stage of meiosis, fail to seperate |
| Genotype | The genetic make up of an undividual |
| Phenotype | The features of an individual that result from gene expression |
| Homozygous | Having 2 identical alleles of a gene |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a particular gene |
| Dominant allele | An allele whose effects always show in the phenotype, even in a heterozygous individual |
| Recessive allele | An allele whose effects only show when there is no dominant allele |
| Co-dominant allele | An allele whose effects both show in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual |
| Multiple allele | A gene that has more than 2 allelic forms |
| Locus | The position of a gene on a chromosome |
| Allele | One form of a gene |
| Recombinant DNA | This involves the combination of DNA from one organism and the DNA of another |
| Restriction enzyme | These 'cut' DNA at specific base sequences within their molecules |
| Ligase enzymes | An enzyme that controls the joining together of the plasmid and the end of the gene |
| 'Sticky ends' | The 'sticky ends' of a plasmid and gene are complimentry |
| Vectors | A gene carrier. Plasmids are vectors. |
| Host | The bacterium which houses the vector |
| Clone | A group of genetically identical organisms |
| Glycogenesis | Increasing the rate at which glucose is converted to glycogen |
| Glycogenolysis | Activation of enzymes in the liver that convert glycogen into glucose |
| Gluconeogenesis | Activation of enzymes that covert amino acids and glycerol into glucose |
| Junk DNA | DNA that doesn't code for proteins |
| Introns | Sequences of DNA that are transcribed but not translated |
| Exons | Sequences of DNA that are transcribed and translated |
| Promoter | Region of DNA where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription. |
| Translation | When the RNA is read to make a polypeptide or a protein. |
| Polysome | Numbers of ribosomes translating the same RER at the same time |
| Anabolic | Building of large molecules from smaller ones |
| Catabolic | Breaking down of large molecules in to smaller ones |
| End-product inhibition | When enough of the final enzyme is produced, production of the original enzyme is stopped. |
| Phosphorylation | The addition of phosphorous |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | ADP is phosphorylated using energy released by oxidation |
| Photo phosphorylation | The production of ATP using sunlight |
| Substrate level phosphorylation | When ATP is created using the slitting of high energy, metabolic substances, using specialized enzymes |
| Photosystems | A collection of membranes and chlorophyll molecules |
| Chemiosmosis | The production of ATP using light energy |
| Meristem | An area that is constantly dividing. They are undifferentiated cells that become different plant tissue. |
| Tropism | A plant growth response to external stimuli |
| Auxin | A plant hormone that stimulates shoot growth |
| Transpiration | The loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants |
| Abscisic acid | A hormone which causes the movement of potassium ions. It forces them to move out of the guard cells, making the stomata close, in order to preserve water. |
| Gibberelin | A plant hormone which stimulates the production of amylase |
| Phytochrome | A pigment found in leaves that the plant uses to measure the lengths of dark periods |
| Crossing over | The swapping of genetic material between chromatids of homologous pairs |
| Random orientation | The way in which homologous chromosomes line up on the equator is independent of the way another pair lines up |
| Sarcolemma | The membrane of muscle fibres |
| Sarcoplasm | The cytoplasm of muscle cells |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | This is the equivalent of endoplasmic reticulum in normal cells. |
| Ultrafiltration | The process by which various substances are filtered through through the capillaries in the glomerulus at high pressure. |
| Osmoregulation | The body's response mechanism to maintain homeostatic regulation of water levels in the blood |
| Passive immunity | When antibodies are given or transferred from one individual to another (breast feeding/placenta) |
| Spermatogenesis | The creation of sperm |
| Oogenesis | The creation of an ovum (egg) |
| Blastocyst | The hollow ball shape of an embryo caused by unequal cell divisions |
| Oxytosin | A hormone which stimulates the contraction of the uterus muscles |
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