9290322
Description
Flashcards by Laura Miller, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Laura Miller
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Element | substance that cannot be split into a simpler substance |
| 4 major elements | CHON |
| Ions | charged atoms that have lost or gained electrions anion cation |
| what do ions do | carry nerve impulses, heart, muscles contract |
| molecule | 2 or more atoms that share electrons |
| most important compound in body | water |
| 3 types chemical bonds | ionic covalent hydrogen |
| what does water do in the body | transports, lubricates, cushions, excretes, regulates, solvent |
| hydrophilic | dissolves easily in water |
| hydrophobic | doesn't mix with water |
| pH | concentration of H+ |
| acid | <7 has more H+ |
| base | >7 more OH- |
| buffer | chemically resists changes in pH |
| carbohydrates | source of chemical energy for generating ATP needed to drive metabolic rxn |
| example of carbohydrate | deoxyribose |
| types of carbohydrates | monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides |
| monosacharides | one sugar unit glucose, fructose, galactose, DNA, RNA |
| disaccharides | 2 monosaccharides joined together sucrose lactose galactose |
| polysaccharides | many monosaccharides glycogen (glucose in animals) starch(glucose in plants) cellulose (fiber) |
| fxn lipids | cushioning, protection, insulation, storage |
| % body mass of lipids in adults | 18-25% |
| triglycerides | fatty acids and glyceral |
| types of triglycerides | saturated, unsaturated |
| saturated | solid(animals) |
| unsaturated | liquid(plants) |
| phospholipids | make up cell membranes |
| steriods | make up some hormones and cholesterol |
| common steriods | bile, salts, testosterone |
| eicosanoids | asthma, fever, pain |
| lipoproteins | transport lipids |
| types of lipoproteins | HDL - high density, good cholesterol LDL - low density, bad cholesterol |
| proteins | make up bodys structure, enzymes, antibodies, hormones |
| enzymes | catalyst end with an ase |
| What are proteins made of | small unites called amino acids joined together in folded chains |
| nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| What are RNA and DNA made of | nucleic acids |
| DNA | double helix |
| nitrogenous basis in DNA | adnine guanine thymine cytosine |
| Sugar in DNA | ribose |
| RNA | one strand relays instructions from genes to guide cell synthesis |
| nucleotide contains | nitrogenous base pentose sugar phosphate group |
| DNA is self replicating | RNA is blueprint |
| ATP | energy currency |
| How does ATP work | transfers liberated energy from catabolic rxns to power cellular activity |
| endocytosis | bringing materials into the cell using a vescicle |
| 2 types of endocytosis | phagocytosis - cell eating pinocytosis -cell drinking |
| exocytosis | movement of materials out of the cell using secretory vesicles |
| cytoplasm | all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus |
| 2 components of cytoplasm | cytosol organelles *also stored molecules called inclusions |
| cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments that extend through cytosol |
| what does the cytoskeleton do | moves organelles and the whole cell |
| how does cytoskeleton move organelles? | microfilaments microtubules |
| microfilaments | thin rods made of proteins: actin, myosin |
| microtubules | hollow tubes made of tubulin make up centrosomes, cilia and flagella |
| centrosomes | "center" near nucleus |
| centrosomes made of? | pair of centrioles(cylindrical structures) pericentriolar material (surrounds centrioles) |
| centrosomes function? | centrioles split apart in mitosis |
| cilia and flagella | cilia - hair like projections on cell surface(vagina) flagella - whip-like projection on cell surface that moves the cell |
| ribosomes | site of protien synthesis folded shape |
| ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
| endoplasmic reticulum(transportation) | maze-like structures two kinds - rough ER smooth ER |
| rough ER | covered in ribosomes synthesis of glycoprotiens and phosolipids |
| smooth ER | no ribosomes synthesis hormones and lipids |
| golgi complex | recieves proteins flat curved disks modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins |
| lysosomes | garbage collectors |
| lysosomes | contain digestive enzymes digests cellular substances, can digest entire cell! |
| proteasomes | barrel-shaped structures break down unneeded and abnormal proteins |
| mitochodria | powerhouse bean-shaped structures generate ATP |
| nucleus | controls all genes |
| organization of the nucleus | nuclear envelope nuclear pores nucleoli chromatin |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane |
| nuclear pores | openings for substances to enter/leave nucleus |
| nucleoli | produces ribosomes |
| chromatin | loosely coiled DNA(genetic material) |
| 2 types of cell division | mitosis meiosis |
| mitosis | 3 stages: interphase mitosis cytokinesis |
| interphase | when cell is not dividing YET 1. G1 - cell carries on normal activities, duplicates organelles 2. S phase - DNA is replicated 3. G2 - cell grows, finishes preparation for cell division |
| mitosis | division of the nucleus |
| 5 phases of mitosis | I passed my anatomy test comly P M A T C |
| prophase | chromatin fibers condense into chromosomes nucleosis dissapears nuclear envelope dissapears mitotic spindle forms |
| metaphase | chromatids line up in the center of the cell |
| anaphase | chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles |
| telophase | after movement stops identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin nuclear envelope reappears nucleoli reapears mitotic spindle dissapears |
| cytokinesis | division of the cells cytoplasm and organelles into two cells |
| cancer | uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation |
| 3 causes of cancer | 1. carcinogens 2. viruses 3. inherit mutated genes |
| treatments | 1. surgery 2. chemo 3. radiation - breaks chromosomes |
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