971571
Description
Flashcards by eecavendish, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by eecavendish
over 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Name the four functions of our skeleton | To support our body/keep it upright, to protect vital organs, blood production and movement |
| What happens to the proteins in muscles when they contract? | The proteins react together, pulling the two ends of the muscle closer together |
| How does cross-sectional area affect the strength of a muscle? | The larger the cross-sectional area, the greater the force a muscle can pull with |
| What happens to their shape when muscles relax? | They are pulled longer |
| What is an antagonistic pair? | A pair of muscles that work in opposite directions e.g. the biceps and the triceps |
| What joins a muscle to a bone? | A tendon |
| What is a synovial joint? | A joint that holds bones together but allows them to move |
| Give at least three examples of synovial joints in the body | Shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, fingers etc. |
| What is synovial fluid? | A membrane that lines the inside of a synovial joint and encapsulates it, producing a slippery fluid called synovial fluid |
| What is articular cartilage? | Shiny, smooth and hard - it stops the ends of the bones wearing away at each other when they move |
| What are ligaments? | They join bones together and keep the joint stable - they can bend and stretch slightly |
| What is the difference between ligaments and tendons? | Ligaments are elastic but tendons do not stretch at all |
| What happens in a dislocated joint? | The bones do not fit together in the correct way |
| Explain how a sportsperson might reduce the risk of getting injured | Wear safety equipment, warm up before competing, avoiding dangerous play |
| What are the two key factors in measuring risk? | How likely an injury is to occur and how serious it is likely to be |
| What does BMI stand for? | Body Mass Index |
| What is the formula for BMI? | BMI = body mass/(height)2 |
| What does calculating your BMI tell you? | How appropriate your weight is for a healthy life |
| How could someone with a normal body weight be unhealthy? | If they have too high a proportion of fat to muscle in their body |
| What can be used to summarise numerical data? | averages |
| What does repeatability mean? | Data that is consistent when other scientists repeat the same tests |
| What happens to your heart rate and blood pressure when you exercise? | They increase |
| Why do we need to increase blood supply to the lungs when we exercise? | Blood delivers glucose and oxygen that the muscle cells need for respiration |
| What is the formula for approximate maximum heart rate in bpm? | 220 minus age in years |
| What is the recovery period? | Period after exercise where the heart beats at a higher rate than usual in order to clear waste products from the muscles |
| Give at least three examples of common injuries that could occur during a marathon. | Sprains, dislocation, torn ligaments, blisters, torn tendons |
| When does a sprain occur? | When the ligaments are stretched too much or torn in severe cases |
| What is a dislocation? | When ball and socket joints are out of place |
| (P)RICE is said to be common treatment for a sprain. What does it stand for? | Protect, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation |
| What does a physiotherapist do? | Help an athlete strengthen damaged joints by providing exercises |
| Name the four tasks of the heart | -Collect deoxygenated blood at low pressure from body -Pump deoxygenated blood to lungs -Collect oxygenated blood at high pressure from lungs -Push oxygenated blood to body |
| Which side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body? | RIGHT SIDE |
| Which side collects oxygenated blood from the lungs? | LEFT SIDE |
| What is meant by having a 'double circulation system'? | The heart pumps the blood twice for each trip around the body |
| Which part of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs? | Pulmonary artery |
| Which part of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body? | Vena cava |
| Which part of the heart sends oxygenated blood to the body? | Aorta |
| Which part of the body collects oxygenated blood from the lungs? | Pulmonary vein |
| What are capillaries? | Thin, single-celled tissues that allow blood transfer to muscles |
| What structure prevents backflow of blood? | Valve |
| Explain at least three features of red blood cells | -No nucleus -Contain haemoglobin -Carry oxygen for respiration -Smooth shape |
| Explain two features of white blood cells | -Recognise invading cells and swallow them up -Produce antibodies |
| What is the function of platelets? | To help blood clot at injuries |
| What is plasma? | A fluid that carries important substances around the body |
| Name the four types of substance that plasma carries around the body | Nutrients, antibodies, hormones and waste substances |
| Name at least three specific chemicals transported by the plasma | Glucose (for energy), amino acids and fats (nutrients for cells), antibodies (proteins), salts (concentration) hormones, urea and C02 (waste) |
| What is the name given to the fluid that escapes from the capillaries? | Tissue fluid |
| Why is tissue fluid important? | Essential foods and oxygen diffuse out of fluid and into cells, waste products diffuse into fluid and out of capillaries to be transported away |
| How does tissue fluid get back into the blood stream? | Through the lymph vessel |
| What mineral does haemoglobin contain? | Iron |
| What happens to haemoglobin in areas of high oxygen concentration? | It reacts with the oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin |
| What happens to oxyhaemoglobin when it reaches areas of low oxygen concentration? | It breaks down (into oxygen and haemoglobin) to release oxygen to where it is needed |
| Give an example of where oxyhaemoglobin might break down | An active muscle |
| Explain how the shape of a red blood cell makes it perfectly adapted to carry oxygen around the body | No nucleus - whole cell packed full of haemoglobin Biconcave disc shape - perfect for gas exchange (large surface area) and good shape to slide past each other in the blood stream |
| What two minerals do we lose through sweat? | Potassium and sodium |
| What is dehydration? | The body has lost too much water and important minerals through sweating which have not been replaced |
| How does sweating cool us down? | The water evaporates, using heat energy from our skin to turn liquid water into vapour. This cools the skin. |
| What is the name of the process in which small blood vessels that supply the capillaries of the skin widen to allow more blood to flow? | Vasodilation |
| In what conditions does vasodilation occur? | When the body is too hot |
| What is vasoconstriction? | When blood vessels get narrower, restricting blood flow to the skin to reduce heat loss |
| When does vasoconstriction occur? | When the body is cold |
| How does the brain respond to low temperatures? | Causing muscles to shiver, diverting blood from cold shell into warm core of body (vital organs), stopping any sweating |
| Name at least three ways in which the body responds to low blood temperatures | Not sweating, vasoconstriction, more clothes, moving to warmer area, shivering, respiration of extra glucose for heat |
| Name at least three ways in which the body responds to high temperatures | Sweating, vasodilation, resting, removing clothing, fanning body, moving to cooler area |
| What is hypothermia? | When body temperature drops below 35degrees |
| What part of the brain monitors blood temperature? | Hypothalamus |
| What does the hormone insulin do? | Encourages cells to take glucose out of the blood and convert it into other substances for storage |
| Which organ produces insulin? | Pancreas |
| When is insulin produced? | When there is an increase in the body's blood sugar levels |
| What can happen in extreme circumstances when glucose levels get too low? | The person can fall into a coma - very deep sleep |
| Which type of diabetes is caused by environmental factors? | Type 2 |
| What is the treatment for Type 1 diabetes? | Insulin injections |
| What is the treatment for Type 2 diabetes? | Dietary improvements and more exercise |
| What is a negative feedback loop? | A response to any change in the body's environment |
| What happens in open loops? | Wastes from one part of the process leave the loop, they cannot be used again. |
| What happens in closed loops? | Wastes from one part of the process become the raw materials for the next part of the process. It is an ongoing loop. |
| Give three examples of closed loops in nature. | The carbon cycle, the oxygen cycle and the nitrogen cycle |
| Why is the cycle of crude oil said to be a lop-sided loop? | Because humans are producing much more carbon dioxide per year than is being used up by the growth of plants. |
| Why is no system a perfect closed loop? | All ecosystems have slight 'leaks' - humans might use rainforests for timber or cut trees down for housing etc. |
| Give three ways in which vegetation can protect the soil | Leaves and stems reduce the force of rain, vegetation soaks up water from the soil, roots hold the soil together |
| What is transpiration? | The process in which water passes up from the roots of a plant and evaporates into the atmosphere through the leaves |
| Why is transpiration important to the weather? | The process means that rainforests contribute to the production of clouds and rain. If rainforests are cut down, weather becomes more unpredictable. |
| What ecological services does the environment offer humans? | Supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural |
| Why do minerals stay in the soil for longer in the temperate environment of the UK as opposed to the tropics? | Plants grow faster in the warm, wet and sunny environment of the tropics |
| What is the slash-and-burn process of agriculture? | Cutting down trees to make fields - best trees used for timber and the rest burned |
| What are the effects of the slash-and-burn process? | Ecological services provided by rainforest lost, blocks rivers, leads to desertification as protective vegetation layer lost |
| What happens to domestic refuse? | It is buried underground or burnt |
| What happens to faeces? | It is cleaned at sewage works and the remains passed into rivers |
| What happens to waste gases? | The pass into the atmosphere and spread out to safe levels |
| What does the damage done by waste depend on? | How much is produced, how dangerous it is and how quickly the environment can deal with it |
| What does sewage provide to the ecosystem? | An input of nitrogen-rich compounds |
| Why are algal blooms (excess of algae) a problem for marine ecosystems? | They use up all the oxygen in the water |
| What is eutrophication? | The process in which oxygen in the water is used up |
| What is the name given to the process in which the concentration of poison increases up the trophic levels of a food chain? | Bioaccumulation |
| Why do Scottish loch farmers add pesticides to the fish farms? | To prevent the diseases that are likely to spread due to the number of fish kept in close proximity to one another |
| What does stock biomass mean in terms of fishing? | The mass of fish that are old enough to produce eggs |
| What is overfishing? | When more fish are being taken from the sea than can be replaced during the breeding season |
| What do government quotas to control overfishing control? | The number of days a fishing fleet can go out every year and the minimum size of fish that can be taken |
| Explain at least three useful features of microorganisms | Simple biochemistry, fast reproductive rate, farmed on large scale, can be genetically engineered, few ethical concerns |
| Name at least three useful products of microorganisms and their uses | Vitamin B12 (vitamins) Protease (enzymes) Pectinases (fruit juice extraction) Ethanol (alcohol) Chymosin (enzymes) Penicillin (antibiotic) |
| Why are bacteria difficult to harvest? | Because their cells are so small |
| Why do drug companies use fermenters? | To grow microorganisms on a large scale |
| What is the name given to a chemical that kills certain plants but not others? | Selective herbicide |
| Explain how genetic engineers have produced a safe and powerful herbicide | Adding genes to crop plants that make them resistant - unaffected by herbicides |
| What is the process of recombinant DNA? | The combining of DNA from different sources |
| What is a vector used for? | To transfer a gene from one organism to the other |
| Give two examples of vectors | Plasmids and viruses |
| What is a plasmid? | A circular DNA molecule found in some bacteria |
| How are genes transferred using plasmids? | They are modified with a useful gene and then inserted into another microorganism |
| Why are viruses used to transfer genes? | They can inject DNA directly into another cell and then duplicate the DNA as if it were its own |
| Explain the process of genomic testing | DNA probe can bind to a specific gene, labelled with a chemical that glows in UV light, mixed with DNA sample and glows if a certain gene is present |
| What features do the nanoparticles that are used in some food packaging have? | They change (sometimes colour) if packaging is damaged or if the temperature rises above a certain level - some can even detect contaminants in food |
| What is the name of the device that tells the human heart when to beat and shocks the heart into beating if it needs it? | Pacemaker |
| Give the two features of stem cells | They can reproduce to create identical cells and can differentiate into any sort of cell if required |
| What do you call someone who criticises grammatical mistakes in examtime flashcards? |
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