1967408
Description
Flashcards by melissa_kappler, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by melissa_kappler
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Four Types of Phrases | 1) adjective - 2) verb - 3) noun - 4) prepositional - Phrases |
| Pronoun | Replaces the Noun "SOME have left." |
| Determiner | Stands in front of a NOUN to determine it. "SOME people have left." |
| Prepositional Phrase (PP) | Examples: After the match in the garden in a bed |
| Noun Phrase | Examples: the boy the woman Peter Jack |
| Verb Phrase | Examples: has left was eating is sleeping |
| Adverbial Phrase (AdvP) | Examples: quickly Adverbs in general |
| Adjective Phrase (AdjP) | Examples: crazy stupid weird Adjective in General |
| Post-modifier | A modifier placed after the head of the phrase. Example: "I was born in a farm house THAT stood on a pretty heath in Sussex" |
| Morphemes | smallest meaning bearing units of a language |
| Inflexional Morphemes | add grammatical meaning to the STEM -> creating new WORD-FORMS |
| derivational Morphemes | create new lexemes when being added. |
| Morphemes are... | realized by morphs |
| Allomorphs | different kinds of morphs realizing the same morpheme in the same context |
| Compounding | putting two word together e.g. couchpotato |
| Derivation | putting two words together e.g. king-dom |
| Conversion | verb out of noun e.g. (to) butter |
| Blending | blend to words into one e.g. smoke + fog = smog |
| Backformation | cut of something to get a new word e.g. babysitter -> babysit |
| Acronyms | shortening e.g. NATO , RADAR |
| Alphabetism | shortening e.g. CD, DVD, CIA |
| Clipping | take part of word away e.g. refrigerator -> fridge |
| signifiant | a sound sequence |
| signifié | "the mental concept in the world" |
| linguistic sign | sprachliches Zeichen |
| linguistic corpus | a way to study a language by using natural or daily occurring texts to determine principles how language is used |
| Symbol | Not understandable - if not known, arbitrary, culture specific |
| Index | Understandable , no general meaning |
| Icon | not culture specific, directly understandable, resembles what it means |
| Language | Can be defined as a system of signs |
| Synonymy | words with the same or similar meaning e.g. damp / moist |
| Relational opposite | word belonging together in the same context but are direct opposites e.g. guest / host |
| Hyponymy | A word whose meaning is included in the meaning of another more general word e.g. move / run |
| Antonomy | a word that is the opposite meaning of another e.g fail / pass |
| directional opposite | a word meaning the opposite from another in case of directions e.g leave / return |
| Meronymy | The relationship of being a constituent part or member of something e.g. door / house |
| Hyponym | A word whose meaning is included in the meaning of another more general word e.g. TREE hyponyms: Marple , Pine , Birch |
| Meronym | A term used to denote a thing that it is a part of. e.g. TREE meronyms: branch, leaf, stem |
| Complementary | DIRECTLY Opposite things - nothing in between e.g. dead / alive awake / asleep NOT happy / sad -> neutral in between |
| Homophone | One pronunciation of a word can have two meanings e.g. knight / night |
| Homonyme | One word can have two meanings e.g. bark - sound a dog makes - part of a tree's stem |
| Extension | extension of a given word e.g. WOMAN Extensions: Mary , Sally, Mrs Smith etc. |
| Intension | intension of a given word e.g. WOMAN intension: human, adult, female |
| Phonetis | - Concrete sounds in general - Pronunciation |
| Phonology | - Abstract Sound System of a language - Specific |
| Production of CONSONANTS | partial of total obstruction of airstream |
| Production of VOWELS | no obstruction of the airstream |
| Production of Souns has THREE DIMENSIONS | 1) Voicing 2) Place of Articulation 3) Manner of Articulation |
| (1) VIOCING | any Vibration of the Vocal chords |
| (2) Place of Articulation | Where is the sound produced? |
| (3) Manner of Articulation | Plosive Fricative Affricative Nasal Approximants ( Vowels ) |
| Phoneme | smallest meaning distinguishing Unit of a given language |
| Allophone | When two sounds never occur in the same position and therefore never distinguish meaning |
| Lexeme | meaning bearing abstract Unit e.g. cook |
| word-form | concrete realization of a lexeme e.g. cooks |
| free morphemes & bound morphemes | 1) CAN stand alone 2) CAN NOT stand alone |
| lexical morpheme | all lexical word classes -> open-class-items e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives |
| inflectional morphemes | indicate aspects of grammatical function of a word -> reates new FORMS of a word -> paradigm |
| functional morphemes | all grammatical/functional word classes -> closed-class-items e.g. conjunctions, prepositions |
| derivational morpheme | - creates new words - derives a new lexeme from a given one e.g. polite -> unpolite |
| STEM: | part of the word to which inflectional affixes are added |
| BASE: | part of word when you take away a derivational affix and still have not reached the root |
| ROOT: | part of the word to which inflexional and derivational affixes are added -> THE VERY CORE |
| zero-morpheme | e.g. sheep - sheep (plural) |
| Neologism | completely new invented word |
| Borrowing | borrowed from other languages e.g. kindergarten |
| SYNTAX | the study of structure of sentences |
| SEMANTICS | Study of meaning in language |
| Semasiology | meaning or function of a word |
| Onomasiology | expression or word associated with a meaning |
| PRAGMATICS | look at meaning IN CONTEXT |
| descriptive meaning | describing Objects, Actions and State of World |
| Social Meaning | information about the language user, socially relevant |
| Expressive Meaning | language users' attitude, feelings etc. |
| 20th Century - linguistics | Synchrony - diachrony & language system - language use |
| 19th Century - linguistics | historical-comparative liguistics |
| Three Main Types of literary science Methods | Structuralism, Formalism, Fuctionalism |
| Three Main Structural levels of linguistics | phonetics, morphology, syntax |
| Structuralists | describing constructions of English grammar |
| Formalists | formulating rules to syntactic operations generation the constructions |
| Functionalists | in which contexts would the individual structural options be used |
| VOWEL CHART ! | |
| SPEECH ORGANS / PLACES OF ARTICULATION | |
| ENGLISH CONSONANT INVENTORY | |
| Obstruent | plosive, fricative, affricative |
| Sonorants | nasal, lateral, roll, semi-vowels, approximants, liquids , glides |
| TYPES OF MORPHEMES | |
| Great Vowel Shift (1450-1650) | a major change in the pronunciation of the English language - all vowels were affected - pronunciation changed, spelling NOT - the English vowels shifted up the chart |
| William Caxton (1467) | Introduced the printing press to England = very important for the development and standardization of the English language (fixing of spelling) |
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